Denno Deborah, an Associate Professor at Fordham University School of Law
Denno Deborah, an Associate Professor at Fordham University School of Law, conducted the study. The scholar graduated from the University of Virginia with a B.A. in 1974, the University of Toronto with an M.A. in 1975, and the University of Pennsylvania with a Ph.D. in 1982.
The Study on Gender, Crime, and Criminal Law Defenses
The study that was done to determine the relationship between gender, crime, and criminal law defenses is described in the paper. By examining the findings of the Biosocial Study, the research makes an effort to explain the gender disparity in criminal involvement. The biosocial study incorporates the biological, psychological and sociological predictors of crime. While doing the study, the biosocial study was carried out among the one thousand Philadelphia residents. The respondents were examined from the time of their birth to early adulthood and across different variables. The research participants were those that were derived from families who took part in the Philadelphia Collaborative Perinatal Project at Pennsylvania Hospital between 1959 and 1966. The hospital was chosen for study of the physical, neurological and psychological development of children after the 60,000 pregnancies. From this research, the author establishes that there are gender differences in regards to crime prevalence. It is confirmed that males engage in more crime and violence than females. Further, the author affirms the finding by stating that more of the men are likely to engage in repeat crimes compared to the women.
Assessing the Study
Assessing this study, it appears to be more relevant as it also delves into the biological factors that help in predicting crimes. The research shows that biological factors are more predictive in females compared to males. From the results, the author affirms that the outcomes of the results should inform the kind of punishment given. Therefore, punishment needs to be gender-based. This is an area that few researchers have delved into and its analysis provides a new dimension in regards to crime.
Word Count: 313; Database: scholarlycommons.law
Steffensmeier, Darrell, and Emilie Allan - "Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered Theory of Female Offending"
Steffensmeier, Darrell, and Emilie Allan. "Gender and crime: Toward a gendered theory of female offending." Annual review of sociology 22.1 (1996): 459-487.
Darrell is a professor at the Department of Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, while Emilie Allan is a tutor at the Department of Behavioral Sciences, St Francis College, Loretto, Pennsylvania.
Comparison of Female and Male Patterns of Offending
The authors in their work begin by first assessing the similarities and the differences that exist between the female and male patterns of offending. The authors proceed to offer the review explanations of the patterns and the gender gap that exists. While doing the research, the author uses several sources to provide data that allows the comparison of male and female offending. One such source of data is the FBI arrests statistics obtained from the US Department of Justice in 1990 for both the genders. Also, the author gets their information from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Examining the gender patterns in crime, it is clear that there are similarities and differences in the female and male patterns in regards to offending. Further, the qualitative studies carried here show that there is a significant gender difference in regards to the context and the nature of offending. From the research, the author finds out that there is gender difference in arrest profiles. The females are known to involve more in minor property crimes with the females having a representation of 28% while the males 13%. While the researchers establish that the males involved themselves so much in major crimes, crimes against persons and major property crimes.
Relevance of the Research
The research is relevant to the gender differences in crime involvement is often ignored in regards to the qualitative studies. Through this study, the researcher can reveal that there is a difference in male and female involvement in the crime. The researchers have succeeded in giving the arrest profiles and female percentage of arrest, variables that are critical in determining the gender differences in crime involvement.
Word Count: 300; Database-Research Gate
Steffensmeier, Darrell J., Jennifer Schwartz, and Michael Roche - "Gender and Twenty-First-Century Corporate Crime: Female Involvement and the Gender Gap in Enron-Era Corporate Frauds"
Steffensmeier, Darrell J., Jennifer Schwartz, and Michael Roche. "Gender and twenty-first-century corporate crime: Female involvement and the gender gap in Enron-era corporate frauds." American Sociological Review 78.3 (2013): 448-476.
Darrell J. Steffensmeier is Professor of Sociology at The Pennsylvania State University as well as a Fellow of American Society of Criminology (ASC). He is known to have several publications in the area of law/criminology. Jennifer Schwartz is Associate Professor of Sociology at Washington State University. She has researched on gender and crime. Michael Roche is a doctoral student in the clinical psychology program at The Pennsylvania State University. He has extensive research with most of his research works focusing on personality pathology and how they come out through social and functional impairment in the day to day lives.
Corporate Crime and Gender Differences
In their publication, the gender difference in crime involvement is made through a survey of the corporate crime. The researchers test crime opportunities frameworks that help them in predicting the minimal and marginal female participation in corporate criminal networks. To aid in their research, the use a database that covers 83 corporate frauds that incorporate 436 defendants. Some of the information used is from the secondary sources and corporate conspiracy networks. The findings show that women are not part of the conspiracy groups hence fewer women are involved in minor roles and made fewer profits compared to the male conspirators. This implies that few women are involved in fewer crimes as compared to the male counterparts.
Relevance of the Research
The research is relevant as it brings out the gender crime involvement though in fraud cases. The study has applied the OLS method to examine the role of males and females in the conspiracy. Relevant variables such as offenses size and duration of scheme are beneficial in determination of the gender differences in involvement in crime.
Word Count: 271; Database- Sage Publications
