feminists

There are numerous unique ideas communicated by various feminists; the difference in ideologies frequently makes grasping the precise goals of feminism challenging. Although many individuals remain silent regarding diverse feminism ideals, they always have some ideas about it, and some people unknowingly communicate about it. Various feminist thought streams have rendered the concept of feminism incoherent (Butler 2011, p.27). Liberal feminists, postmodern feminists, radical feminists, and socialist feminists are the four primary types of feminism. Each of the aforementioned strands incorporates multiple ideological ideas that are sometimes contradictory in nature, causing contradictions in the comprehension of their various goals.  The western feminisms are always inconsistent with the third world feminisms since the perception of people towards female population differs significantly. In the third world, for instance, there is a low level of civilization and education and thus, the approaches that the feminist's takes are not comparable to those of the western cultures. Most of the western cultures have elaborate strands that follow certain principles and different ideological thoughts. On the other hand, cultural practices of the third world population often differ significantly due to lack of the cultural integration and the diversity of human nature.

Although the western feminism seems to be much more coherent with the ideological principles of various cultures, there are still some aspects of different strands that do not correlate. The above situation often arises as a result of diversity in the individual thoughts and perception of various thoughts. There are individuals who still believe that gender equality is an idea that is irrelevant and unachievable (Jencks 2012, p.57). The cultural advancement by being prominent in different western countries but they still remain that personage thought are still important in influencing various strands of the feminism i.e. social, radical, postmodern, and liberal feminisms. Consequently, there have been inevitable antagonisms that exist between various thoughts concerning the diverse understanding the feminisms and its application in various social progress. The formulation strands of feminism depend solely on the perception of the cultural nature of a given community or society, in most instances, the approaches put towards resulting one strand may not favor every individual; this explains why most of the western feminisms ideologies cannot be applied in the third world countries. Feminism is an idea that should be observed by both men and women while in most circumstances; men often tend to be reluctant in advocating for women's rights, they usually tend to become superior due to remain relevant in their natural existence.

Question 2

Nationalism refers to the economic, social, and political systems formulated with an aim of upholding the interests of a specific population or nation, principally with an aim of maintaining and gaining full independence or self-governance. Many countries across the world are characterized by ethnic and cultural diversity, a situation that if put into the right perspective, can facilitate the development of nationalism (Nelson 2015, p.42). Therefore, nationalism can co-exist with both the ethnic and cultural diversity. In most instances, the idea of nationalism is often driven by the interest of the population of a given country, not the ethnicity or cultural beliefs; this explains why in most countries across the world, people hold an election to appoint an individual who can bring the country together.

There are common practices that people must show in every state, sports, trade, and governance are some of the factors that bring a sense of national unity, it is the unity that directs people to start believing in each other, a scenario that promotes the development of nationalism. Although the ethnicity and cultural differences may sometimes pose great challenges towards the achievement of nationalism, they are challenges that a nation or a state must face to become absolutely integrated. It is always the dream of every country to become united. For a state with diverse cultural and ethnic population to achieve nationalism, rulers or the government should formulate the policies that can bring unity. For instance, provision of equal rights and economic interests may make people live in harmony irrespective of their cultural origin; the above scenario can also encourage them to take part in the development of common national interest. Ethnicity and cultural diversity can be defined as the subset of a country, in other words, a country or a state consists of several aspects that define the population. The idea of nationalisms, therefore, originates from the subsets of a nation; it is, therefore, true to say that nationalism co-exists amidst the ethnic and cultural division (Jencks 2012, p.49). The formulation of common political ideologies is also another way of promoting a sense of nationalism. In the democratic nations, every ethnic group is always represented in the governance of a nation, therefore the existence of the ethnic groups does not always hinder the achievement of nationalism. There are strong economies and democracies that exist amidst the ethnicity and cultural diversities. Nationalism is further concerned with developing a sense of national identity based on the language, culture, race, political goals, religion and the strong belief in the common ancestry.

Question 3

Anarcho-capitalism refers to the political thought or the idea of anarchist that promotes the idea of eradication of state with the replacement of private property or self-ownership (Curran 2006, p.23). According to the Anarcho-capitalists, in the absence of the central government, society often tend to self-regulate and become civilized by the principles of the free-market, leading to the development of the voluntary societies. In the anarcho-capitalists states, the services are done by the private capitalists with an aim of achieving their interests from the economic point of view; there is lack of central management of the economic resources, in other words, there is lack of central government that can control the economic activities. Anarchism refers to the political ideology that is concerned with the self-governance in societies based on the deliberate institutions, in other words, they can also be referred to the stateless societies. States that exhibit anarchism form of governance often exists in the free societies where there is no a definite government to control the economic, political, and social integration. Based on the above definitions, an anarcho-capitalism is, therefore, a genuine form of anarchism. Both the anarcho-capitalism and the anarchism provide the fixed ideas of doctrines from a particular point of worldview. Anarchism is majorly operated without stimulation from the organized powers, but instead, they are controlled by the single individual entities that have the appetite of advancing their interest. The anarchist's ideology may sometimes differ significantly by supporting some forms of extreme individualism.

Anarcho-capitalists operate on the principals based on the voluntary services and properties, a scenario that is closely evident in the anarchism philosophical thoughts. In anarcho-capitalism, takes into consideration all the violence and threats in an attempt to reduce the conflicts while maximizing the individual prosperity and liberty. Additionally, they too recognize the communal and charity arrangement as one of the similar voluntary ethics. Anarcho-capitalists are often known for enforcing the right to privacy for both the public and individualized institutions and properties, some of them even suggest that stateless or communal property can inclusively exist in the anarcho-capitalist society. An anarcho-capitalism is, therefore, a genuine form of anarchism since both the ideological perceptions of capitalists exhibit the same principals and characteristics. In anarchism, the properties and services are acquired and transferred without hindrance or help from the deliberate states. The anarcho-capitalists libertarians understand that the just and the economically beneficial approach to obtain a property or services is through deliberate gifts, trade or labor activities that can be easily undertaken, and not through fraud and aggression.

Question 4

Postmodernism considers rationality in most of the concepts from the economic, social and political perspectives; it has often been perceived as a thought that usually rejects lots of central tenets of the modern ideologies as well as the rationalities (Ball et al. 2016, p.39). Additionally, even the advocates of postmodernism hardly make a strong case for it as a way that seeks to refine and reconsider the facts of ideology. The postmodernism remains a modern way of viewing facts and ideas that often influence the actions in social, political, and economic perspectives. In the postmodernism, the rationality of commonly linked to the facts and suggestions offered by the diverse minds, both the intellectuals and the naturally existing wise personalities. Modernisms is concerned with the pragmatism, therefore, an ideology may be less important if it cannot be put into practice and generate values to the society and also to the states. The perception of a given version of modernity is a key to postmodernism’s notion of ideology (Heywood 2015, p.17). Postmodernism’s instincts concerning the diverse sense of ideologies can be negative at some points in time. From various sources of knowledge, ideologies involve the depersonalization of cultural and social relationships, the enhancement of past knowledge and rationalities, the advancement of both the social and natural processes as well as the development of the refinement techniques applied in various spheres of knowledge. From the postmodernism’s point of view, it can be argued that ideology emanated from the sensitive reflexivity about the dilemmas of the critics on specific rationalities which in some cases varies according to the understanding of the individuals involved in the translation (Roche 1995, p.29).

The postmodernism, according to perception of Castoriadis's of cultural and social imaginaries indicates that the challenges that various forms of ideologies addresses, for example, the legitimating domination and the occlusion of conflict are deeply rooted in the tension formulated by the development of institutions in the society as well as the institution's denial of their creation. Ideology in the postmodernism is therefore perceived in intricate ways. The above scenario, therefore, explains how the critics of different ideologies depend on the available forms of institutions in various societies, including the norms, language, as well as the sense of rationality (Hatch and Cunliffe 2013, p.43). Postmodern perspective, therefore, perceives ideology as a societal and institutional logic that aims at regulating specific aspects of humanity; it also aids in the formulation of economic, social, and political policies that enhance nationalism in various states or countries. Additionally, postmodernism can be seen as an admiration of the ideological buckle.

Question 5

Feminism is regarded as the cross-spectrum ideology since it involves a range of nationalities, social movement, and it is politically driven across different countries; it has wide aspects and is socially understood at different levels in different societal perspectives. Various institutions share common goals and policies in defining, establishing, and achieving the personal, economic, political and social ideas about feminism, making it t become a cross-spectrum ideology (Goodwin 2016, p.41). Some of the common policies exhibited by different institutions concerning feminism include the achievement of equal opportunities for women, establishment of women’s rights, and advocating for equal pay for women. These ideologies are found in almost all the institutions involved in the protection of women’s rights. The problems of women inequality and exclusion exists in various societies, even in the advanced democracies, women are excluded from some essential decision-making activities, this therefore often lead to the feminists movements that always try to campaign and advocate for women's rights in voting, holding public offices, earning fair wages or equal pay, owning properties and receiving education. Female exclusion is deeply rooted in every society; this is because the idea has long been in existence since the ancient times, therefore the introduction of equality often becomes a challenging process from the different societal point of view. Every society has come up with different techniques of achieving the equality of women. Feminist’s ideologies are considered to be the main forces behind the major changes in the women’s rights across different societies. Therefore, as the world is becoming more integrated, several ideologies emerge to establish diverse policies behind feminism. Numerous feminist movements have been formulated over the years to reflect diverse viewpoints and aims as well as the ideologies behind every aspect. Some ideological feminism principals have been criticized for basing their policies on race and the social economic status of people in various communities as well as the societies. In different societies, women have suffered exclusion in various essential governmental activities, in the third world countries; the idea of feminism faced a lot of drawbacks since the people were not ready for the changes that would put women in leadership roles. The implementation of the feminism policies was therefore a challenging process that required time and high level of preparedness (Fuss 2013, p.25). The above scenario, therefore, led to the formulation of unique policies that were in line with both the social and political polices of the countries involved. Feminism is, therefore, a cross-spectrum ideology that involved the analysis of different societal rationales before establishing the ideal policies.







References

Ball, T., Dagger, R. and O'Neill, D.I., 2016. Ideals and ideologies: a reader. Routledge.

Butler, J., 2011. Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. routledge.

Curran, G., 2006. 21st century dissent: Anarchism, anti-globalization and environmentalism. Springer.

Fuss, D., 2013. Essentially speaking: Feminism, nature and difference. Routledge.

Goodwin, B., 2016. Using political ideas. John Wiley & Sons.

Hatch, M.J. and Cunliffe, A.L., 2013. Organization theory: modern, symbolic and postmodern perspectives. Oxford university press.

Heywood, A., 2015. Key concepts in politics and international relations. Palgrave Macmillan.

Jencks, C., 2012. The story of post-modernism: Five decades of the ironic, iconic and critical in architecture. John Wiley & Sons.

Nelson, B.R., 2015. Western Political Thought: From Socrates to the Age of Ideology. Waveland Press.

Roche, M., 1995. Citizenship and modernity.