Emil von Behring Contributions in Immunology

Behring made a significant contribution to immunology by creating the therapeutic diphtheria serum. The disease has been eradicated in many countries because to this efficient vaccination, which is currently being administered to millions of children (Nobelprize.org, 2014).
Mechnikov made a contribution to immunology by identifying phagocytes, immune cells that absorb foreign substances to defend an organism's body. He later created the phagocytosis idea, which is widely utilized in immunology research and instruction today (Racine, 2014).
He found that a certain particle requires a comparable receptor for it to adhere to a cell during his search for compounds that kill bacteria. Hence, currently this concept of chemoreceptors is used in drug research to develop drugs that attach specifically to disease-causing agents. He also introduced vaccine standardization (Bosch & Rosich, 2008).
Charles Richet
Richet demonstrated that vaccines have an opposite effect called anaphylaxis. He noted that low dose of a substance can produce severe reactions weeks later. The discovery has since helped in understanding allergic reactions and drug developers works towards identifying possible allergic reactions and antidotes (Nobelprize.org, 2017).
Jules Bordet
He discovered the immunological concept of complement, which has a role in bacteriolysis. Besides, he discovered hemolysis where body immune system attacks foreign red blood cells. Currently it contributes to safe blood transfusion via prior cross matching (American Association of Immunologists, n.d.).
Karl Landsteiner
Landsteiner contributed to the aspect of agglutination of red blood cells. The discovery has led to improved processes of blood transfusion via thorough screening and cross matching of donor and recipient blood (Owen, 2000).
Sir Frank MacFarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar
Burnet discovered acquired immunological tolerance. Peter Medawar worked with the same idea and came up with same conclusions and he approved the work of Burnet. Their discovery helps in understanding disease prevention, development of vaccines and treatment and in tissue transplantation (Burnet Institute, 2017).
Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter
Through their study, they identified the antibody antigen-binding and crystallize fragments. Also, they identified the heavy and light chains of the antibodies. It contributed to molecular immunology applied in diagnostic tests of allergies, autoimmune illnesses among others (Ribatti, 2015).

Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George Snell
Together, they discovered the role of genetics in immune response. In their experiments, they noted that genetic locus determines immune response and the gene can be inherited. Also, they made contributions to understanding of T and B lymphocytes antigen recognition (Cantor, 2011).
Nils Jerne
Jerne contributed to immunology by developing theories of specificity in control and development of immune system. Also, he discovered the principle for producing monoclonal antibodies. His work helps in understanding the way immune system generates various responses, which is essential in effective management of illnesses (American Association of Immunologists, n.d.).
Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein
In their experiments, they invented a method of stimulating cells to continuously produce monoclonal antibodies. Currently monoclonal antibodies are applied in disease diagnostics and for therapies to cure illnesses like rheumatoid arthritis (Freysd'ottir, 2000).
Susumu Tonegawa
He demonstrated that DNA responsible for production of antibodies undergoes reshuffling to build new genes throughout the life of an individual. The discovery has made advancement in organ transplantation, treatment of autoimmune illness and vaccination (American Association of Immunologists, n.d.).

Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel
They discovered the way immune system identify virus-infected cells. The discovery in turn made the base for comprehending the mechanisms utilized by cellular immune system to identify foreign and self-molecules. It is relevant in clinical medicine where efforts are made to strengthen immune system to reduce infections (Nobelprize.org, 2017).
Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffman
They discovered the Toll-like and Toll receptor activation of innate immunity. They identified that Toll-like receptors are key elements of immune system that helps in recognition of pathogenic organisms. Hence, being involved in body immunity processes, the Toll-like receptors are utilized in production of new treatments against autoimmune illnesses, sepsis and cancer (Volchenkov, Sprater, Vogelsang, & Appel, 2012).
Ralph Steinman
Steinman discovered dendritic cells, which bridge adaptive and innate immunity. Also, he found out the way the cells initiate immune response. The discovery helps in understanding immunological mechanisms in infectious illnesses, allergy, cancer, autoimmunity and transplantation. Also, currently dendriticss cells are produced in-vitro and helps in production of therapies for cancer (Volchenkov et al., 2012).
Impressive work of Emil von Behring and Charles Richet
Diphtheria used to be a pandemic illness that killed millions as well as paralyze others in the previous centuries. However, with the excellent work of Emil von Behring, the disease has been eradicated in many regions of the world and only a few cases have been reported. It was an impressive work to tame the illness, considering that it is fatal and transmitted easily and can wipe a large population over a short time.
The work of Charles Richet demonstrated that vaccines can produce anaphylaxis. He noted that low dose of a substance can produce severe reactions weeks later. These adverse reactions can cause fatal consequences such as death. Hence he recognized that drugs have to be tested and experimented for safety before administration to human beings. Richet's discovery is impressive in that vaccines and drug developers now work towards identifying possible reactions and the precautions or measures to take to reduce its fatality. Additionally, it has helped to reduce drug-related poisoning.










References
American Association of Immunologists. (n.d.). Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet, M.D. (1870-1961). Retrieved April 29, 2017, from http://www.aai.org/About/History/Notable_Members/Nobel/Bordet_Jules.html
American Association of Immunologists. (n.d.). Niels Kaj Jerne, M.D. (1911-1994). Retrieved April 30, 2017, from http://www.aai.org/about/History/Notable_Members/Nobel/Jerne_Niels.html
American Association of Immunologists. (n.d.). Susumu Tonegawa. Retrieved April 30, 2017, from http://www.aai.org/about/History/Notable_Members/Nobel/Tonegawa_Susumu.html
Bosch, F., & Rosich, L. (2008). The Contributions of Paul Ehrlich to Pharmacology: A Tribute on the Occasion of the Centenary of His Nobel Prize. Pharmacology, 82(3), 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1159/000149583
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Nobelprize.org. (2017). Charles Richet - Facts. Retrieved April 29, 2017, from https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1913/richet-facts.html
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Racine, V. (2014). Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Elie Metchnikoff) (1845-1916). Arizona State University. School of Life Sciences. Center for Biology and Society. Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/ilya-ilyich-mechnikov-elie-metchnikoff-1845-1916
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Volchenkov, R., Sprater, F., Vogelsang, P., & Appel, S. (2012). The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 75(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02663.x