Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections
A bacterium called Staphylococcus aureus causes infections in people that are challenging to treat. While VRSA, another strain of Staphylococcus aureus, is resistant to the glycopeptide drug vancomycin, MRSA is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. Diabetes, kidney illness, and catheters are the underlying medical factors connected to this kind of staph infection. According to CDC studies, one in three people have staph in their noses but are unaffected by the infection, whereas two out of every 100 people have MRSA. Thirteen vancomycin-intermediate VRSA isolates and ORSA clonal-type isolates make up the percentage of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States. There is a decline in MRSA infection in the United States where there were about 30,800 fewer infections between 2005 and 2011. The hospitals also registered about 9,000 deaths of patients between 2005 and 2011. Staphylococcus aureus acquires mobile genetic elements by incorporating plasmids into genomic DNA (Turnidge et al. 176). The acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus resistance to methicillin is through horizontal gene transfer where the coding of mobile genetic elements is not sensitive to beta-lactam inhibition.
Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Infections
Extended spectrum beta-lactamase is an enzyme produced by some bacteria and prevents certain antibiotics from killing the bacteria. It implies that the bacteria become resistant to the antibiotics and only stronger ones it can be used in the murder of the bacteria. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase causes infections in people's blood, lungs, abdomen, and urinary tract. The two most important bacteria that carry ESBLs include Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella species, which are resistant to many penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics. The acquired resistant gene of the ESBL develops through mutations in chromosomal genes. Infections resulting from the organism are largely regarded as a healthcare associated problem, but the United States has not elucidated the extent and significance of health diseases caused by ESBLs (Munita and Cesar 9).
Works Cited
Munita, Jose M., and Cesar A. Arias. Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance. Microbiology spectrum 4.2, 2016.
Turnidge, John, et al. “Staphylococcus aureus.” J Infect Dis 197, 2008, pp. 175-178.
