World Bank

Even though beneficiaries and donors of foreign aid have the best intentions for their individual countries, when institutions are damaged, they might become aid-dependent. A study using equilibriums discovered that the institutional capacity of nations is important when considering the assistance that would be provided. A short-term reduction in aid is also crucial in enhancing a country's chances of graduating from such conditions.  Chomsky, Noam. "CHANGING CONTOURS OF WORLD ORDER." State Crime Journal 1, no. 1 (2012): 8-26. http://www.jstor.org.ric.idm.oclc.org/stable/41917768.
Through discussion of some of the state crimes, it can be assumed that the need for an international aid system had become more prominent in the modern landscape. However, the policies developed to alleviate possible global threats have required a more stringent system that would take care of the causes and effects of such related activities. As a journey towards history recounts the events that might have led to the different issues like international terrorism, comparative standards have been developed to solve possible challenges. The so-called terrors of the earth were discussed according to the activities that unfolded during prominent historical activities.

Deaton, Angus. "Instruments, Randomization, and Learning about Development." Journal of Economic Literature 48, no. 2 (2010): 424-55. http://www.jstor.org.ric.idm.oclc.org/stable/20778731.
There has been extensive discussion of the effectivity of foreign aid and about the activities that could possibly affect the economic development of a nation. Through the usage of tools, the question of over-reliance of some countries to development assistance can be calculated to acquire numerical results that can be put into statistical data. For the purpose of the paper's research, Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and Instrumental variable (IV) techniques were used. The effectiveness of development assistance has been put into data for further calculation using advanced statistics. It should be noted that economic development varies among different countries and such variance has to be considered as well.

Halonen-Akatwijuka, Maija. "Coordination Failure in Foreign Aid." February 13, 2004. Accessed March 6, 2017.
Foreign aid was analyzed in terms of allocation and effectively catering development funds to the needed sectors. Social sectors were usually favored by donors over other programs that can benefit the public. There is a stigma of prioritizing the need of helping the marginalized over the general interest of all people in a country. The current system of giving aid have been shown to favor those that are already in good environments over those that are in poor ones. In order to get to the root of the dilemma, it is important that analysis goes beyond aid allocation and good use of information coordination is taken advantage of. A calculated study is needed in order to put the preference of agents and the proper allocation of resources into a more effective system.

Moyo, Dambisa. Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010.
The book Dead Aid was written by Dambisa Moyo, an economist at Cambridge University. The author argues that the current system of giving aid has done more harm than good. The government has been one of the major proponents that has gained from this system of giving aid instead of the people who needs them more. This process has actually started a form of corruption where people in power took advantage of ways to gain more wealth and prosperity through related activities. Such abuse has contributed to political instability and civil war. The author suggests that the West should still give the African nations aid but an end date is needed. As an alternative to Western foreign aid, Moyo believes that Africa should encourage more investment and develop their resources from within rather than relying too much on aid.

Novogratz, Jacqueline. The Blue Sweater: Bridging the Gap between Rich and Poor in an Interconnected World. New York: Rodale, 2010.
In this book, Jacqueline Novogratz talks about how her experiences working in the third world, specifically in Rwanda, enlightened her of the existing gap between the powerful and the marginalized. The author was present in those nations before and after the genocide. She talks about how she started Acumen to help women start their own businesses. The author refers to them as customers and believes that investments, not aid, is the way to go. Patient infusion of capital can help lift people out of poverty rather than over-reliance to development funds from foreign aid.

Paxton, Pamela Marie. Individual and country-level factors affecting support for foreign aid [electronic resource] / Pamela Paxton, Stephen Knack. [Washington, D.C. : World Bank, 2008]
In recent years, donor countries have committed to dramatic increases in the supply of foreign aid to developing countries. Meeting and sustaining such commitments will require sufficient support among the donor country's voters and taxpayers. The determinants of public opinion in donor countries on foreign aid have received little attention. This paper examines attitudes to foreign aid using a large, multi-level and cross-national study.

Stiglitz, Joseph E. "Death Cometh for the Greenback." The National Interest, no. 104 (2009): 50-59. http://www.jstor.org.ric.idm.oclc.org/stable/42897695.
In the journal, the dollar has been discussed for its vulnerability and the effect it may have on global markets if it weakens. Being the standard currency of most countries in terms of international dealings, the author discussed the importance of such money unit in global economic systems. The vulnerability of the dollar would surely affect foreign aid and the existing systems of distributing it to countries in need. This is especially true in the discussion of the paper regarding how it will affect loans. The author talked about how the volatility of the said currency has made nations look at possible alternatives in order to maintain economic stability in their respective regions. Some are suggesting global reserve currency as an effective solution.

Stiglitz, Joseph E. "Fair Trade." The National Interest, no. 95 (2008): 19-24. http://www.jstor.org.ric.idm.oclc.org/stable/42896153.
In the journal, Stiglitz discussed the ramifications and effects of an effective trade that is not only free but also fair. Markets are continuously expanding as liberalization and globalization are currently being applied in international dealings. The author have considered the concepts of political parties in considering a fair trade that would benefit everyone involved. In the discussion, concepts of protectionism and its negative connotations were compared to the increasing positive response of trade liberalization. Another argument is focused on the double standards of the so-called free trade agreements wherein the benefit of all nations involved are analyzed. The author suggests a fairer trade regime in order for all countries to benefit from trade liberalization.

Zoellick, Robert B. "Why We Still Need the World Bank: Looking Beyond Aid." Foreign Affairs 91, no. 2 (2012): 66-78. http://www.jstor.org.ric.idm.oclc.org/stable/23217222.
More than 60 years after the World Bank was founded, developing countries still turn to it for financing and expertise. The president argues that the world is changing and modifications for existing systems in the organization should also be done. Although it has adapted to shifts in economic influence and the rise of emerging markets, the bank must become even more innovative and representative.

Bibliography

Azam, Jean-Paul. Aid dependence reconsidered / Jean-Paul Azam, Shantayanan Devarajan, Stephen A. O'Connell. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433) : World Bank, Development Research Group, Public Economics, [1999]

Chomsky, Noam. "CHANGING CONTOURS OF WORLD ORDER." State Crime Journal 1, no. 1 (2012): 8-26. http://www.jstor.org.ric.idm.oclc.org/stable/41917768.

Deaton, Angus. "Instruments, Randomization, and Learning about Development." Journal of Economic Literature 48, no. 2 (2010): 424-55. http://www.jstor.org.ric.idm.oclc.org/stable/20778731.

Halonen-Akatwijuka, Maija. "Coordination Failure in Foreign Aid." February 13, 2004. Accessed March 6, 2017.

Moyo, Dambisa. Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010.

Novogratz, Jacqueline. The Blue Sweater: Bridging the Gap between Rich and Poor in an Interconnected World. New York: Rodale, 2010.

Paxton, Pamela Marie. Individual and country-level factors affecting support for foreign aid [electronic resource] / Pamela Paxton, Stephen Knack. [Washington, D.C. : World Bank, 2008]

Stiglitz, Joseph E. "Death Cometh for the Greenback." The National Interest, no. 104 (2009): 50-59. http://www.jstor.org.ric.idm.oclc.org/stable/42897695.

Stiglitz, Joseph E. "Fair Trade." The National Interest, no. 95 (2008): 19-24. http://www.jstor.org.ric.idm.oclc.org/stable/42896153.

Zoellick, Robert B. "Why We Still Need the World Bank: Looking Beyond Aid." Foreign Affairs 91, no. 2 (2012): 66-78. http://www.jstor.org.ric.idm.oclc.org/stable/23217222.