The author lists several dangers associated with cyber security. It is too expensive for governments and businesses to defend themselves from cybercrime. Due to technological developments, businesses must make sure that their information is secure. Before someone else does it for them, they must make sure to withdraw the money necessary to safeguard their properties. To make sure that their information is secure, they must employ technology experts. The businesses and the governments must ensure that they employ cyber security consultants to ensure that their information is protected from the cyber security criminals. The technological systems need to be checked regularly to ensure that the information is safe all the times this still raises that costs incurred in ensuring that the information is protected. As compared to the early times before the technological advancements occurred, the government and business organizations had no need to protect their secrets from cyber-crimes. The article would be effective identifying the effects of cybercrime to the business organizations governments. Although the article does not fully outline the best procedures that can be effective in preventing the effects of cyber-crime from occurring, it unquestionably would be useful for the research.
Chen, H., Chiang, R. H., & Storey, V. C. (2012). Business intelligence and analytics: From big data to big impact. MIS quarterly, 36(4), 1165-1188. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c64ee981-769d-4d89-84f4-23469a043827%40sessionmgr120&vid=7&hid=12.
The author says that the concepts of business analytics and intelligence have gained importance in the running of businesses and the government at large over the past two decades following the progress in technology. The analytics and intelligence programs are not only to ensure that the programs of the government run smoothly, but also to ensure that their secrets are kept intact. Surveys from various countries show that governments have already invested in ensuring that security of data in the countries has been reinstated. Some colleges and universities provide programs that relate to protection of the businesses and governments from cyber security. Since the technology helps in the protection of the business secrets, its breach have a great possibility leading to insecurities within the countries that have been involved. Cyber-crimes can also lead to unfair competition between different business organizations because the competitors might employ the business ideas of another company without getting the patency right. This article can be useful in giving the background information about cyber security, and would be practical to include in the research.
Crawford, T. A. M., & Evans, K. (2016). Crime prevention and community safety. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8150058
The author addresses the impacts of cybercrimes to private business owners in various countries in the world. There is no business that involves in online activities that is smart enough to ensure its activities are free from cyber-crime. The private business sectors have to incur a lot of costs in maintaining their information systems to ensure that there is no information leak. They also need to ensure that they employ a team of experts, who would ensure that the security of the business is not at stake. The costs incurred in ensuring the security of the information could otherwise be used in ensuring that the businesses of the organization are expanded. The costs incurred could be used in ensuring that the ways of attracting more customers are improved. Cyber-crime makes it difficult for the businesses to move forward. The article would be highly useful in establishing the impacts of cybercrime on the privately owned businesses.
Dunn Cavelty, M. (2013). From Cyber-Bombs to Political Fallout: Threat Representations with an Impact in the Cyber-Security Discourse. International Studies Review, 15(1), 105-122. DOI:10.1111/misr.12023
The author asserts that national security and cyberspace have close relationship. Cybercrime greatly affects the security of the nation in many ways. Cybercrime can lead to the exposure of the security plans against an enemy and this can lead to war between various nations. The author explores various ways in which cyber-crime can be a great threat to the security of a business and the country in general. Cybercrime is a great problem that poses a threat to information leak of every security systems of nations in the world. Every country fights at ensuring that they reduce the chances of being victims of cyber security in all that they do. The author describes the ways in which the national securities can be exposed to cyber-crimes. The author also gives death and sluggish economic growth as among the effects of national security breach. Among the impacts of national security, breach is war and deaths. The information the article provides is relevant when describing the ways, in which the cyber-crime affects the national securities of countries, thus it would be useful for the reseach.
Kshetri, N. (2010). The global cybercrime industry: economic, institutional and strategic perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-11522-6
The article outlines that cyber-crimes have made most businesses and governmental organizations to change their ways of operations. To avoid their information from being hacked into, most business have chosen not to store their financial records, people names and their date of birth online. Some businesses and government works require high degree of privacy that might need some information of the individuals doing the jobs not exposed. For example, the details of the United States secret service might be kept secretive to ensure that their families are kept safe. Leak of such information may lead to the insecurity of the individuals, their families, and the individuals whom they are meant to protect. The details of the credit cards of various individuals are also kept intact to ensure that the financial status of various individuals is always kept intact. The article would be urgent to use, as it can help to describe how cyber-crimes affect the financial securities of organizations. However, the data concerning other sectors that are also affected by cybercrimes, including national security is not included in the article given.
Lagazio, M., Sherif, N., & Cushman, M. (2014). A multi-level approach to understanding the impact of cyber crime on the financial sector. Computers & Security, 4558-74. doi:10.1016/j.cose.2014.05.006
The author provides a multilevel model that can be very effective in ensuring that the reader understands the impacts of cybercrime both to the business and to the government. The author provides various ways that can be used in the determination of the possible ways that can be used in the determination of the impacts of cybercrimes in the financial sectors. The author outlines that there are tangible and intangible factors that result from the problems that relate cybercrime in various countries. The outlines state that the financial sectors are the main areas that are affected by cyber insecurities. However, the financial institutions are normally seen to be more interested in ensuring that they retain their client’s other than protecting the finances that they have already gained. The author tries to give the ways in which various financial institutions can ensure that they protect their finances other than the customers because the finances turn out to be the points of major interests of the hackers. This article can be useful in describing the financial sectors as the main areas that have been affected by cyber-crimes. The article would also help in determining the exact ways in which cyber-crimes affect the operations of the financial sectors.
McGuire, M., & Dowling, S. (2013). Cybercrime: A review of the evidence. Summary of key findings and implications. Home Office Research report, 75. Retrieved from:
http://www.justiceacademy.org/iShare/Library-UK/horr75-chap1.pdf
The author presents a survey concerning the impacts that come as a result of cyber security. Cybercrime is defined as any crime that can be committed using a computer. It is outlined that cybercrimes can be committed both in the online and offline platforms, moreover the two forms of cyber dependent crimes are described. The author also outlines the scales that can be used to measure the impacts of the cyber dependent crimes and how the impacts can be avoided at all times. He estimates the costs of the various forms of the cyber-crimes and highlights the characteristics of the victims of the forms of cybercrimes. Different strategies that can be used to determine the cyber criminals are also mentioned, along with the author trying to give the experiences people have had during public cybercrimes. The article can be useful in determination of the possible extent of the various forms of cybercrimes and important to be included into research.
Saini, H., Rao, Y. S., & Panda, T. C. (2012). Cyber-crimes and their impacts: A review. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2(2), 202-9.
Retrieved from: http://www.ijera.com/papers/Vol2_issue2/AG22202209.pdf
The author describes various cyber-crimes in general and gives the impacts of each. The author says that most of the information in the current world is protected online and have a high probability of suffering from cyber-crimes. There are various types of cyber-crimes that exist. Sometimes, it is difficult to determine them at their early faces of their occurrence. Most of the cybercrimes normally have great reasons to why they have committed. Some can be committed unknowingly through the exploration of the use of the internet. The cyber-crimes that are done knowingly with particular intentions in mind are normally termed as cyber-attacks and might have great effects to the organizations or governments that have been attacked. The authors also predicts the probable impacts of cyber-crime in the future considering the advancements in technology that are expected, and claim that cyber-crime can lead to theft of the government property. Cyber-crime theft is termed as white-collar crime, whereby force is not involved. This article would be very useful for the research in identifying various types of crime and the possible effects that are attached to them.
Smith, A. D. (2004). Cybercriminal impacts on online business and consumer confidence. Online Information Review, 28(3), 224-234. doi.org/10.1108/14684520410543670
The author outlines cyber-crime as a potential threat to the businesses that operate online. The cyber-crime criminals normally make mot business operator lose a lot of their income online. The author uses PayPal as example that was hacked in 2010. The criminals denied the payment of individuals through PayPal, which lead to several loses to the company as the transactions through PayPal were minimized. The hackers might sometimes restrict the transactions of the company to a limited number of people, causing great losses to the organization, because the expected customer base would not be served. Moreover, the criminals might send wrong messages to the customers that could make them not to purchase the goods from a particular goods and this might lead to losses to the company especially if the company produces perishable goods. This article would aid in explaining the ways in which cyber-crimes might lead to losses to the companies that offer their products online. It would also be useful in explaining the effects of cyber-crimes in the online businesses that the government gets involved.
Taylor, R. W., Fritsch, E. J., & Liederbach, J. (2014). Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press. DOI: 10.1007/s10611-016-9661-3
The authors describe cyber-crime as digital terrorism. Some hacker can use the ideas of hacking to terrorize the operations of the government or of businesses. By means of hacking into various systems that are run by the organizations or governments, the hackers might hold officials of the government through conveying wrong information. The authors name various types of digital crimes that the government might fall in as victims, give complex information that relate to cyber-crimes that are very understandable in digital concepts, and ensure that the readers understand the theories and facts that surround the concepts of cyber hacking. The information about warfare, digital terrorism is depicted as important concepts to understand under cyber security. The various concepts that are described in the book can help in identification of the various problems that might arise from the cyber-crimes that are committed in everyday life. The article would be useful in describing all the crimes that are related to the internet, even though it does not adequately describe the effects of one getting the ways in which cybercrimes can be prevented.
Wall, D. S. (2015). The Internet as a conduit for criminal activity. Retrieved from
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=740626
The author describes internet as a channel for the criminal activities that are normally committed and outlines cyber security as one of them and outlines that though the internet has been taken as the major cause of most criminal activities in the world, the impacts of the internet use has not been well determined. The cases of computer-committed crimes are said to be on rise day by day. Cybercrimes is the major cause of most pedophile cases and rape cases. This greatly influences the developments of the movement as it increases the morbidity of individuals. To the business organizations, the sick patients might have been among the hardworking employees. Devastated health condition would mean that their productivity would be lowered. Some incidences might also lead to death and this leads to slow economic growth. The criminals might hack into the victim’s gadgets and lead them to areas that have high incidences of insecurity. To my mind, the information the article provides, is relevant to be used while researching.
Watkins, B. (2014). The Impact of Cyber Attacks on the Private Sector. Briefing Paper, Association for International Affair, 12. Retrieved from
https://www.mindpointgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Impact-of-Cyber-Attacks-on-the-Private-Sector.pdf
The author describes how the standard risk analysis techniques can be very effective in ensuring that the management of the effects that may arise from cybercrimes, he also shows confidence that cybercrime only leads to the loses of the financial institutions and the management of the risks is essential in ensuring that the effects of the activities that revolve around cybercrimes to ensure that they do not become uncontrollable. Determining the right strategy to ensure that risks are effectively managed is said to be very hard. However, it is important that every organization have appropriate methodology of ensuring that the adversities of the negative risks are reduced. The risk that management strategies would give time for the heads of the governments can help them ensure that they have placed the effects of cybercrimes within manageable matrices as they figure out the best ways to handle the effects. The article would be essential in determining the appropriate ways of limiting the impacts of cybercrimes.
