The design of a building's structural construction is a dynamic process that is influenced by a variety of considerations such as the structure's planned application, architectural design, structural framework, and the total loads the building is expected to carry. Throughout the project planning process, the engineer, contractor, and architect must collaborate at different times with the aim of correctly conceiving and constructing the structure. The engineer is responsible for ensuring the structure's stability, while the architect is responsible for ensuring that the structure is well suited for its intended use. The overall design of the structure is mainly dependent on the material and the structural design of the building. For this project, the preferred material is steel, and the choice for framing the entire structure is based on the number of loads that the structure is likely to bear. The framing plan for this project considers the ability of the individual structural components ability to create effective connections and resist the structural forces acting on the different points of the structure. Figure 1 shows the five storey structural plan and layout for the building.
Figure 1. showing structural floor plan layout of the building
The vertical distribution of the floors is based on the height of the floors and the anticipated weight on each floor. For the structure beams of 25-30 Kg/M2 are recommended with columns of about 8-10 km/M2. The elevation of the vertical structure is shown in figure 2 shown below.
Figure 2: showing the structural elevation of the entire building from the ground floor up.
As noted, the beams for the structure are rectangular in shape, and this means that structurally they will be exerting larger moments on the columns. From an engineering perspective, it is necessary for the designed beans to act between the flanged sections and the rectangular Zones for uniform distribution of moments to be achieved. Seismic loads within the structure are assumed to be acting in the horizontal direction and not along the vertical direction, and this is attributed to the live load on the building. Figure 3 shows the structural elevation that balances the moments that act on the structure.
Figure 3: showing elevation and distribution of loads
From the figure, the beams are connected using the Pin Hinge joints that are required to maintain the required structural stability. The frame shows how the diagonal frames are fixed for balancing the moments eliminating the need for diagonal bracing. Figure 4 and 5 show the types of bracing that can be used for pin hinge joints used in the structure. The frames in figure 3 resist the effect of gravitational loads while at the same time they resist the horizontal lateral loads imposed on the structure from the East-West direction.
Figure 4: Showing double Angle shear connection
Figure 5: showing the Directly welded flange fully restrained moment connection
During design, the building needs to withhold all the structural loads like dead loads (D), live loads (L), wind loads (W), snow loads (S) and Roof live loads (L). A good design takes note of all the loads likely to act on a structure during the design phase of the project to come up with a successful structure.
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