Countertransference is one of the major special problems when working with older adults because it can breed complex emotional issues which can adversely impact psychological the therapeutic relationship, diagnosis and treatment when left unchecked (Kampfe, 2015). Counselors are expected to master countertransference and always keep their emotions in check. Furthermore, counselors must remain mindful if their biases associated with aging and related disorders (Toner " Shadden, 2002). Lack of interest and insight into the aging process and its effects often lead to biases which may adversely impact the delivery of counseling services (Toner " Shadden, 2002). Moreover, multiple and chronic health problems, shrinking social network, multiple losses and transitions, financial restrictions, elder neglect, and abuse, sensory deficits, and management of Social Security and Medicare constitute other special that therapists working with the elderly (Kampfe, 2015).
Biological perspectives of human development perceive aging to be a natural process that is programmed into the body while cognitive behavioral theories believe aging is a result of environmental damage to the human body’s system that is accumulated over time (Boyd " Bee, 2015). Sensory or cognitive decline is one of the most prevalent symptoms in old age. Many elderly exhibit loss of memory, confusion, and mental disorders like Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. Common physical changes in old age include wear and tear of bones and joints, declines in eyesight and hearing, loss of bladder control, skin changes (e.g. wrinkles, dryness, and age spots, and decreased functional abilities which increase falling (Boyd " Bee, 2015).
Besides that, older adults may report difficult sleep, headaches, loss of appetite, and mental health issues like anxiety, depression, loss, and grief (Boyd " Bee, 2015). Consistent with Erikson theory of human development, dissatisfaction with one’s lives may evoke feelings of despair, depression, and bitterness among older adults. Also, loss of occupation (e.g. retirement), functional abilities, independence, social networks, or cognitive abilities (e.g. memory) may lead to mental issues identified above (Boyd " Bee, 2015). Additionally, older adults may experience suicidal thoughts and substance abuse (e.g. alcohol and prescription medications (Boyd " Bee, 2015). Counselors much develop greater insights into these problems to better work with older adult clients.
The Process of Individual Counseling for Elementary School Children
Individual counseling in the elementary school setting involves helpings students revolve personal or interpersonal problems and focuses on the child’s immediate or near future concerns. In light of Sharma’s (2008) process of counseling, the counselor begins by listening effectively to what the child presents and works with him to set the goals of the session based on the client’s values and culture. Second, the counselor then tries to help the client untangle his thoughts, feelings, and concerns about the presenting issue and better understand how the act, think, and feel. Third, the counselor instructs the client how to express his feelings. Lastly, the client is taught how to find his own solutions to the issue. Some common problems that present during middle and secondary school include academic challenges, emotional issues (e.g. anxiety, anger issues, and depression), loss and grief, and family problems, and substance abuse, among others (Sharma, 2008). According to Erikson’s theory, elementary school kids (ages 6-12) are confronted with the task of industry vs. inferiority which involves children comparing themselves with peers (Boyd " Bee, 2015). Those who believe they do not measure up may present negative experiences like a sense of inferiority and other issues identified above.
Issues that Require Crisis Intervention for College and University Students
Identity crisis often necessitates crisis intervention among high school students. According to Erikson, adolescents (ages 12-18) navigate the task of identity vs. role confusion (Boyd " Bee, 2015). Their major task is to develop a sense of themselves and thus, many try on different ‘selves’ to determine one that fits them best. Those who fail this task are likely to exhibit role confusion, self-esteem and confidence issues, uncertainty about their future, and difficulties “finding” themselves as adults (Boyd " Bee, 2015). Some may report substance abuse, delinquency, and challenges establishing lasting relationships. It is the work of school counselors to help them to resolve these issues properly.
Mental Health, Managed Care, and Internet Counseling in Community Counseling
In the context of community counseling, the concept of mental health denotes a state of well-being in which a person has the capacity to cope with challenges arising from routine activities in life, can work in a productive and fruitful manner, and can meaningfully contribute to his community. The term denotes the absence of any mental impairment that may potentially threaten one’s overall well-being. Managed care refers to a health delivery system that is carefully designed to facilitate effective management of cost, utilization, and quality of mental care. In addition to Medicaid health benefits, this system allows counseling clients to enjoy additional services via contractual plans involving Medicaid agencies at the state level and managed care organizations. Lastly, internet counseling describes a kind of professional assistance in which counselor-patient communication and delivery of counseling services for mental health issues happen through the Internet. Email, instant messaging, video calls, and video conferencing allow counselors to deliver counseling for a variety of issues like alcohol and substance abuse, anxiety, depression, family issues, relationship problems, and career coaching.
References
Boyd, D. R., " Bee, H. L. (2015). Lifespan development. Pearson/A and B.
Kampfe, C. M. (2015). Counseling older people: Opportunities and challenges. John Wiley " Sons.
Sharma, N. R. (2008). Counselling Theory, Research and Practice. Global Vision Pub House.
Toner, M. A., " Shadden, B. B. (2002). Counseling challenges: Working with older clients and caregivers. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 29, 68-78.
