Neault, N., Mullany, B., Powers, J., Coho-Mescal, V., Parker, S., Walkup, J., " Barlow, A. the Cradling Our Future and Focus on Fathers Study Teams. 2012.“Fatherhood Roles and Drug Use among Young American Indian Men.”. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 38(5), 395-402.
It has been a frequent observation that the escalated rates of substance abuse among the fathers pose a severe challenge to the related families and communities. Often, these challenges have been noted to be multigenerational. Most of the children who are brought up in such families tend to follow the suite of their parents, and thus the trend keeps on persisting and moving from generation to generation. The central point of focus in this article was to try and relate the fatherhood roles to the current trend in the drug abuse among most of the youths, especially those who are directly affected by the situation. The study was conducted among the young American Indian men. The author eyed at examining the point of intersection of the fatherhood roles and responsibilities and the abuse of drugs. The main method used for the research was descriptive. Data was collected through the audio computer-assisted self-interviews. From the results, it was conclusively deduced that drug abuse has an obstructing ideal for the roles of a father. It was also concluded that the abuse of drugs by the father has a significant impact on the acquisition of the same behavior by the growing child. The above-highlighted issues formed some of the points that created much interest in the choice of this article.
Evans-Campbell, T., Walters, K. L., Pearson, C. R., " Campbell, C. D. (2012). Indian boarding school experience, substance use, and mental health among urban two-spirit American Indian/Alaska Natives. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 38(5), 421-427.
The answer to the call for the systemic assimilation led to most of the children in the native communities shifting to the residential schools. However, amid the good impact of this positive move, it was observed that there was an increasing trend in the abuse of substance and issues of mental health, particularly among these students. The primary objective of this study was exploring the mental health concerns, and the substance use by American Indian/Alaska Native adults. The research was conducted on eighty-two respondents who attended boarding school. Similar research was conducted on other individuals who had no history of boarding school. The results indicated that those who attended boarding schools reported high cases of substance use. This was unlike the result obtained by those who never attended boarding school. The boarding school attendees also demonstrated a higher likelihood of attempting suicide or having related thoughts. It was therefore concluded that people who had a higher probability of using the substance of abuse either attended boarding school or were raised by people who attended boarding school. The main reason for choosing this article was based on the fact that the issue being touched on is a potential cause of the substance-seeking behavior of Americans.
Whitesell, N. R., Kaufman, C. E., Keane, E. M., Crow, C. B., Shangreau, C., " Mitchell, C. M. (2012). Patterns of substance use initiation among young adolescents in a Northern Plains American Indian tribe. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 38(5), 383-388.
The Northern American Indiana states have been documented to be substantially using drugs of abuse. This has been observed to cut across all ages and stages. The same studies have suggested that these disparities can be traced back to the disproportionate rates of the abuse of these substances at an early age. However, most of the reports indicated a widespread use among the adolescents and the adults. The researchers were grounded in finding out the various initiating patterns among the Americans of tender age and relate it to the trends that are observed currently. The researchers collected four waves of data across school years. The school years were three consecutive from the students of the middle school. They majorly used the discrete-time survival analyses. It was found out that the hazards that were attached to the girl-child were much higher than for the boys, and this applied across all the years. Given the findings, it was concluded that the best way of preventing the substance abuse is through putting up prevention techniques at the early developmental ages. This article was of great interest since it highlighted how the aspect of early exposure related to the alcohol-seeking behavior of the Americans to even older ages.
Whitesell, N. R., Beals, J., Crow, C. B., Mitchell, C. M., " Novins, D. K. (2012). Epidemiology and etiology of substance use among American Indians and Alaska Natives: Risk, protection, and implications for prevention. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 38(5), 376-382.
For the past more than 25 years, the issue of substance use has been accorded massive attention. This is particular to the United States, given that the condition is increasingly growing to be chronic. The increasing evidence obtained regarding this matter is often an important source of insight on the patterns of substance use. The main focus of the report was to provide a brief and substantial report that carried the etiological and epidemiological findings of the trends in substance abuse within the populations of American Indians and the Alaska Natives. The choice of this journal was made on the basis that the knowledge of the epidemiological and etiological statistics about substance use was an essential aspect of this research topic. The findings indicated a complex pattern of variation based on the cultural and ethnic groups. The variation was more profound across the native communities. It was concluded that the collaborative efforts towards the effective prevention strategies would serve much benefit in the procedure.
Tingey, L., Cwik, M., Goklish, N., Alchesay, M., Lee, A., Strom, R., ... " Barlow, A. (2012). Exploring binge drinking and drug use among American Indians: data from adolescent focus groups. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 38(5), 409-415.
Binge drinking is common among the university and college students, especially those who are considered to be from high-class families. It often starts with binge drinking then progresses to the chronic use of alcohol and other drugs as well. This habit is also related to the Non-Suicidal self injury. The focus of the researcher was to find out the relationship between binge drinking and the use of drugs to the non-suicidal self-injury. A mixed gender of adolescents was used for the study, and some dual preventive strategies were examined. Most were found to use this for self-injury and relief against some form of emotional disturbance. In fact, most of them used it as a method of seeking emotional stability. This attracted much attention to the choice of this article. It was basically to find out the relationship between stress, relief and the abuse of drugs.
Discussion
From the above analyses and research, it is evidently clear that there are many reasons behind the use of drugs by Americans. These reasons overlap from those that are commonly known such as the upbringing to those that are unknown or rather known but commonly ignored such as attendance of boarding school (Whitesell et al., 2012). The discovery of these causes serves as a good rationale for coming up with the best management procedure for overcoming the issues as mentioned above. In fact, if such is pointed out earlier, it is easy for the preventive measures to be put in place, to ensure that the drug-seeking behavior among the Americans is put under control.
The type of environment greatly affects and contributed to the habit of drug abuse. A child who is brought up with less strictness and less education about the hazards of drug abuse is likely to grow up ignorant of most of these issues. Educating them at older ages would be difficult, and this contributes to the use of drugs (Tingey et al., 2012). Poor stress management strategies is another significant issue worth mentioning. Most of the people often resolve for shortcut method of doing things. They will often go for easier solutions which are usually temporary. For example, if an individual resolves to take alcohol to erase some memory, every time that the memory is back then they will have to look for alcohol (Evans-Campbell et al., 2012). When this is continually done, it makes them habitual takers, and with time they become chronic drunkards. It also applied to other drugs, especially the addictive ones.
The above articles are therefore of much significance in answering the question that was tabled for discussion. The environment is seen to be a great contributor (Neault et al., 2012). If an individual is in an environment where the chronic users of drugs or substances are many, then they are likely to follow the same track. The same applies to the parents and guardians. These are the first teachers. Things learned at a very tender age are easily applied and are difficult to be changed (Whitesell et al., 2012). If a child, therefore, learns of such habits at a tender age then they are likely to follow the footsteps of their first teachers. The trend is likely to carry on to the following generations given that these are also bound to parenting at the appointed age. All the articles provided solutions to the question at hand and thus making the research a success.
References
Evans-Campbell, T., Walters, K. L., Pearson, C. R., " Campbell, C. D. (2012). Indian boarding school experience, substance use, and mental health among urban two-spirit American Indian/Alaska Natives. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 38(5), 421-427.
Neault, N., Mullany, B., Powers, J., Coho-Mescal, V., Parker, S., Walkup, J., " Barlow, A. the Cradling Our Future and Focus on Fathers Study Teams. 2012.“Fatherhood Roles and Drug Use among Young American Indian Men.”. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 38(5), 395-402.
Tingey, L., Cwik, M., Goklish, N., Alchesay, M., Lee, A., Strom, R., ... " Barlow, A. (2012). Exploring binge drinking and drug use among American Indians: data from adolescent focus groups. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 38(5), 409-415.
Whitesell, N. R., Kaufman, C. E., Keane, E. M., Crow, C. B., Shangreau, C., " Mitchell, C. M. (2012). Patterns of substance use initiation among young adolescents in a Northern Plains American Indian tribe. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 38(5), 383-388.
Whitesell, N. R., Beals, J., Crow, C. B., Mitchell, C. M., " Novins, D. K. (2012). Epidemiology and etiology of substance use among American Indians and Alaska Natives: Risk, protection, and implications for prevention. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 38(5), 376-382.
