First, I would like to thank the Almighty God for the care, knowledge and guidance throughout this period of study. I would also like to recognise my able supervisor for his/her continuous support and guidance through the research period. My gratitude also goes to friends, and family members for their support throughout the study period. To all my friends and colleagues in the University who supported me in one way or the other, thank you.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.. 2
ABSTRACT.. 5
CHAPTER ONE.. 6
INTRODUCTION.. 6
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY. 6
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM... 7
GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY. 8
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY. 8
SCOPE OF THE STUDY. 8
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY. 9
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY. 9
DEFINITION OF TERMS. 9
CHAPTER 2. 10
LITERATURE REVIEW... 10
GLOBALISATION.. 10
Europeanisation. 11
Americanisation. 11
The Level of Globalisation. 11
THE HISTORY OF FAST FOOD INDUSTRY. 12
The story of Carl Karcher. 12
The story of McDonald brothers and Ray Krock. 13
The story of Harland Sanders. 13
FOOD AND SOCIOLOGY. 14
The Chinese Society is collective in nature. 14
The Concept of Guan-Xi (Social Interaction). 15
The Concept of the face (Self Esteemed). 15
The Concept of hierarchy. 15
IMPACT OF FAST FOOD AND GLOBALISATION: CULTURAL IMPERIALISM... 16
Gastro Politics. 18
CHAPTER THREE.. 20
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.. 20
RESEARCH DESIGN.. 20
LOCATION OF THE STUDY. 20
TARGET POPULATION.. 20
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND SAMPLE SIZE.. 21
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT AND PROCEDURE.. 21
DATA COLLECTION.. 21
DATA ANALYSIS. 21
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS. 22
CHAPTER FOUR.. 23
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.. 23
INTRODUCTION.. 23
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION.. 23
Gender distribution of the respondents. 23
The job status of respondents. 24
Age of the respondents. 25
The education level of the respondents. 26
Respondents knowledge on globalization. 26
The impact of western fast-food in the Chinese economy. 27
INTERVIEW THEMES AND ANALYSIS. 28
DISCUSSION.. 30
CHAPTER FIVE.. 31
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.. 31
SUMMARY. 31
CONCLUSION.. 31
RECOMMENDATION.. 32
SUGGESTED AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH.. 33
REFERENCES. 34
ABSTRACT
The increasing growth of Western fast-foods in the Chinese market is greatly impacting their economy. Companies like McDonalds and KFC have seen a great potential in the Chinese market hence the speedy growth of the joints across the cities. In turn, the Western fast-foods are employing strategies that are helping them blend well in the Chinese market. This research employed both interviews and questionnaires as the primary methods used in the data collection. The research reached out a sample of 50 respondents that participated in the questionnaires that were distributed randomly. The analysis indicated that the existence of Western fast-foods in the Chinese market was impacting their economy. The study recommended that there was a need for the government of China to provide incentives in order to encourage more businesses to be set up in the region. The findings of this study were disseminated to the institutions under study, and the respondents.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
America is the most prominent country around the globe for developing fast food products. The foundation of the fast food industry of America was developed within the first half of the 20th century. During the 1990’s the fast food industry started to grow rapidly. Wang, (2010) argued that McDonald’s was the first fast-food retail chain started to grow rapidly during the years and in 1960 it developed 280 stores and ear profit of $56 million during that time. In the years of 1974, it gains the 14% of the whole consumption of food, and it increased to 26.5% within the years of 1984 (Wang, 2010, p 99-100). Within the year of 2006, McDonald’s was able to develop 30,000 stores in 121 countries (Wang, 2010). Pat research evaluated that the nature of diet could be divided into scientific and culture. Moreover, Chinese food prioritises the happiness and experience in cooking but the Westerners food focused on nutrition, and the value of the product is standardised. Western fast food able to achieve the 100% satisfaction of the customers due to the product quality, efficiency, cleanliness, hourly employment system, staff training and so on. Western fast food can successfully enter the Chinese market and also gain enough popularity among the children and younger.
The fast-food industry enters in China in the very late stage. In the years of 1987, the American based first food service fast introduced in China. The Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) had first opened it’s stored in Beijing. Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) also captured the big market share of the Chinese fast food industry. KFC is one of the largest fast food chains around the world and service fried chicken products. In the years of 1990’s the fast food industry in Chins grown very rapidly and it increased with 20% growth rate in each year and in a very shorter time the fast food industry become an important part of the Chinese food industry. Within ten years of time, it found that around 800 groups were service fast food with around 400,000 restaurants (Rein, 2012). Within the first decade of its product launched in the Chinese market, fast food industry captured the 20% of the market revenue, in the years of 1999 its growth with 28% and 45% by the years of 2007 (Gerdes, 2014, p 71 - 99). The first Chinese fast food chain started in the years of 1995 in Henan named Red Sorghum fast food restaurant, and within the one years of time, it started to spread to start in other cities of China Beijing, Zhengzhou, Shijiazhuang. After rapid expansion of the Chines fast food industry, Red Sorghum fast food restaurant started to decline and face great loss. It evaluated that the fast food industry great influence the beliefs of the customers.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Globalisation has become a world trend. Countries across the world are signing trade agreements that are intended to streamline the market to improve the economic status of countries. The main motive is to ensure that a sustainable economy is able to be achieved and that countries will be able to attain first-class economies that are associated with the development and better standards of living. China is among the world market that is embracing globalisation from all parts of the world. In essence, the American fast foods are gaining market in the Chinese economy where most fast foods are opening up subsidiaries in the country. China on the other hand has been able to benefit from the establishment of this business in terms of taxes from the consumers buying the products. Therefore, the impact of globalisation that has been brought by Western fast foods in the Chinese market cannot be undermined because of the significant impact that it puts on the economy.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The overall objective of the the extant research is to discuss Western fast food globalisation and its impact on the Chinese society. Further, the researcher developed specific objectives to guide the extant discussion. The specific objectives included:
i. What are the historical principal features of the food culture in China?
ii. How has the western food culture evolved?
iii. In what ways, and to what extent has the western food culture been introduced into the Chinese Society?
iv. What are the potential implications of the growing popularity of the western trends in food culture in the Chinese market?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Globalisation is an important aspect of any government in charge. The findings of this study are important because they will aid the government to establish some of the possible avenues that they can employ in order to achieve a sustainable economy. Also, this study is useful to the existing local businesses in China that will be able to learn the operation of foreign fast food, hence they will be able to benchmark and employ the various methods in order to impact on their businesses as well. The investigation is vital to the general public because it will highlight varied ways that businesses make their success in a foreign market despite the challenges that they face. To other investigators the survey is fundamental for future explorations; more so, when researching on the global operation of businesses.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is restricted to Western fast food globalisation and its impact on the Chinese society. It focuses on how fast food is entering the Chinese markets.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study is limited to globalisation in the Chinese market. A limitation exists in the study because it mainly focuses on Western fast food in the Chinese market. Also, the study is limited only to individuals that consume fast foods and the business that provide the services in China.
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
It was assumed that the respondents to the research were aware of the about the presence of western fast foods in the Chinese market and apply their personal experience in this study. Also, it was assumed that the respondents were able to understand issues concerning globalisation of Western fast foods and able to answer the questionnaires and interviews administered by the researcher. Finally, the study assumed that all the respondents in the research would participate well and facilitate the data collection process.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Globalisation- Refers to the interaction between countries, people, and governments through trade and investments.
Fast foods- A chain of business that offers junk foods usually located in business areas or trading centers.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter provides literature from past researchers and scholars on the Western fast food globalisation and its impact on the Chinese society. The chapter examines the concepts and theories on the topic with a major focus on globalisation and the theories that explain the concept. The Western fast foods are increasingly opening up in other new markets among them being the Chinese market. As such, this trend has impacted on the global economy and the Chinese economy as well. By taking note of the vast literature from various past writers, the section provides both the theoretical and the conceptual frameworks of the study regarding the aspect of globalisation in line with Western fast food and its impact on the Chinese society.
GLOBALISATION
In reference to Ghemawat (2017, p 54), he argued that globalisation entails the integration and interaction that takes place between companies, governments, and people of different states or nations. Ghemawat asserted that the process of globalisation is usually sped up by investments and international trade allied with information technology. Through globalisation, businesses have been able to enjoy the economies of scale through expansion and opening up subsidiary branches in other potential markets in foreign countries. Milen (2002, p 39) argued that it is through globalisation that the world has reached its point of development. In the book he agreed that the removal of trade barriers and sanctions between nation is what that has made the dream of globalisation realised today. However, he challenged the current level of globalisation and stated that there was a need for countries to sign more agreements in order to encourage new businesses from foreign nations being established in their country.
Europeanisation
According to Milen (2002, p 89-94), the globalisation is the new term of Europeanisation, westernisation and modernisation. Xue and Yu (2017, p 9) stated that the rise of European culture absorbed by many cultures around the world and destroy the Non-European culture. The European culture is spreading to other parts of the world where other cultures are embracing their ways and practices which includes the type of foods that they consume. Bauman (1998, p 67) argued that cultures like those of the Chinese and Muslims are embracing the western cultures despite having a strong bond with their culture. Further, Bauman (1998, p 74) stated that most cultures are being swayed away by westernisation because of their new trends being introduced in their cultures. Milen (2002, p110) stated that the globalisation in Europe was to the superiority of some state and many small stated accepted the model of the Anglo-European culture.
Americanisation
According to Bauman (1998, p 21) describes Americanisation as a process through which individuals tend to assimilate some of the ways and practices that Americans and the United States value. Ray (2007, p 7) claimed that sometimes the similarities found in between the East and the West which resembles the similarities. Santoro (2015, p 34) stated that the Americanisation is the process that makes the American immigrants into real American losing their own culture and adopted the new American culture. Americanisation is mainly the way of the leading life of the American people. Millen (2002, p 33), agreed that many people blame Americanisationfor doing wrong as it deprives the identity of the country and also deprives the national interest.
The Level of Globalisation
According to Gallo (2011, p 11), the globalisation creates impact in many ways an individual’s life like, one way of globalisation it creates an impact on financial and political ways, another way is to impact on environmental issues, and final impact is on cultural. Hooper (2016, p 34) stated that the globalisation had created a significant impact on the culture of the different contents of the world in mass media, food and eating habit of the people, music, film industry and fashion and art.
The level of globalisation cannot be quantified considering that the level of globalisation across the world has its own disparities in the respective countries. Higher levels of globalisation could be achieved through a collective effort from countries which in turn will support trade agreements and investments in the countries (Hooper, 2016, p 45). Globalisation also changed the taste of the people in all over the world and the people eating habit has changed and got more interested to have the international food, for instance fast food. This research covered the level of globalisation covered in fast food.
THE HISTORY OF FAST FOOD INDUSTRY
The story of Carl Karcher
According to Schlosser (2002, p 13) the story of fast food has started in the city of California, United States of America. In the year of 1941 Carl Karcher has decided to buy a hot dog cart. Margaret his wife was not agreed for buying the cart although it was popular within the city but Karcher has owned four cart and start business which proved very profitable at the end. Wu and Zhu (2014, p 105) stated that due to the people interest on car industry at that time make Karcher able to gain a favorable environment to gain success. After the end of the Second World War Karcher has acquired a restaurant named Carl’s Drive-In Barbecue which considered as the first shop of fast food industry as Karcher gain enormous success. Karcher died in the years of 2008 leaving his chain with more than thousands of restaurants and more than thirty thousands of employees are working with the company. Zhu stated that the history of western food from the United States has greatly impacted the world market that has embraced the technology from investors that started the business in the United States. He argues, that individuals like Karcher are responsible for the growth of Western fast foods in the Chinese market (Zhu, 2014, p. 132)
The story of McDonald brothers and Ray Krock
According to Schlosser (2002, p 18) the founder of the McDonald is well known around the world and is Ray Krock but the real beginning was started with two brothers Maurice and Richard McDonald. Two bothers become rich very soon as the business run very well but they were very disappointed with the employees turnover rate as they mostly higher the students for businesses. Moreover the equipment was also damaged and it needs to be repaired. McDonald brothers close the store for three month and re-opened the restaurant with new ideas and quicker product. McDonald brothers engaged different employees in different sections and also make the customers stand in queue rather serving them in table. Making the customers fall in line make the customers disappointed but soon they accepted the new system as they were serving in a very minimum time. Serving the customers in queue is quicker than serving in table. Ray Krock has bought the name and the right of the service and finally McDonald brother retired in the years of 1980 (Schlosser 2002, p 18 - 20). Schlosser argued that the McDonald brothers has greatly impacted on most economies as the company has been able to open subsidiaries across nations. (Schlosser (2002, p 56). According to Schlosser (2002, p 67) the business has impacted both the mother country and the foreign states that are benefiting from taxes that impacts their economies.
The story of Harland Sanders
Harland Sanders was a very curious character who left school in the year of twelve was founded Kentucky Fried Chicken. According to Schlosser (2002, p 21 - 23), the Kentucky Fried Chicken was established in the years of 1952 and is become the largest fast-food retail chain in the USA within the years of the 1960s. Ritzer (1996, p 75) stated that the success of Kentucky Fried Chicken was mainly for the quality of the products and delicious sauces. The sauces of the company were mainly prepared with a variety of spices and herbs. Sanders sold out the company in the years of 1964 and changed the Sauce as the preparation of the Sauce was very time-consuming. Again, Schlosser (2002, p 106) stated that diversification of the market was achieved through the introduction of fast foods that provides clients with a variety in their domain. Companies offering the services were able to blend with the cultures of other countries to attract customer for their foods.
FOOD AND SOCIOLOGY
According to Roberts (2014, p 78), there are three philosophical influences in China like, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. The Chines culture greatly influences the Confucianism and is considered at the centre of the society in two institution family and state. According to Hofstede (2001), they the cultural dimensions ha analysed and found that Chinese culture represents a high degree of long-term orientation and Collectivism. It analysed that Chines people like to live with the family and they want to take long-term strategy rather than focusing on short-term strategy.
According to Kitchen and Suvalko (2015), there are some principals that make the Chinese people for a better understanding of the behavior of the people, these are as follows:
The Chinese Society is collective in nature
In recent day’s statistics found that the luxury products are well sold in Chines and people are getting influenced by the brand. The value of the world wise luxury market has increased to 262 billion Euros and China take the lead in the market for purchasing the luxury product (The New York Time, 2017). Chines people greatly influence with the brand and the westerners are gaining advantage to place their brand in the Chinese market as they have able to gain a high level of awareness in people.
The Concept of Guan-Xi (Social Interaction)
According to Wu and Zhu (2014, p 79), the buying behavior of the Chinese people greatly influences the people with whom they had a good relationship. Hooper (2016, p 98) stated that the Chinese people also get strongly influenced by the suggestions and recommendations made by their peers. Past research evaluated that Chinese people have considered brand products as the part of their daily life (Gallo, 2011). Moreover the exchange of gifts considers as most influencing in Guan-Xi culture. The brand products focused on Gifts to make the customers satisfied in China as a promotional strategy.
The Concept of the face (Self Esteemed)
According to Xue and Yu (2017, p 23 - 66), the concept of face refers to the obligatory reciprocity and the individuals and respects the other members. Past research evaluated that the Chinese people are highly emotional which make them influenced by the brand image of the products. The brand image of the products acts as the face of the products and makes the Chinese consumers consume the product and the services. The elements of the brand are also considered as the face of the product and influence positively in consumers.
The Concept of hierarchy
The hierarchy within the society maintained appropriately in Chinese society, and they maintain a high level of awareness among the members of the family (Cheng and Chan, 2009). Moreover, the attitude, beliefs, dressing and way of speech also varied within the society. Every customer wants to have the product and services and brand with the own status. (Cheung and Wu, 2012, p 86) evaluated that the consumers compare the brand with the local brand and give high priority to the brand which is well reputed and well known in the market.
It analysed that the past culture is the deeply rooted in the mind of the people and people also greatly impact the new trend of the life. The Chinese social context finds deeply motivated with the Western Model of life. It is because most countries often look at the western civilisation and tend to embrace their ways because they are unique and try to incorporate other cultures as well. Analysing previous researchers, it found that the since the years of 1970’s the concept that borrowed from the Western society greatly influenced the people and their purchasing behaviour influenced greatly. According to Santoro (2015, p 15), the USA has revealed two values: modernity and youth which make the youth generation greatly focused on getting modern like the Western culture and highly focused on the brand products. The beliefs of the young generation have found the development of their quality of life, and they are getting more interested in the brand products. The coming generations would be more like to be focused on the brand items and less concentrate on their basic tradition. The difference in brand attachment finds differently with the change of the sex, age, the social status of the society. According to Cheung and Wu fast foods are highly bought by the younger generation as opposed to the old persons.
IMPACT OF FAST FOOD AND GLOBALISATION: CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
It has been evaluated that the industry dealing with fast food in China is a newly globalised food manufacturing and has created a strong impact on the society and economy of the country. The fast food has significantly changed the dietary habit of the urban population in China (Yan, 2005, p 80).
Zhang et al. (2014, p 23) have stated that based on the theory of homogenised it evaluated that with the presence of the global brands the local culture posed a threat. The global brand gets able to create an impact on customers taste directly (Zhang et al. (2014, p 28). The fast-food restaurant has changed the lifestyle of the customers, and the local culture gets changed. It found that the Chinese people are more likely to have the fast food instead of their cultural food which represents the global food diet. The people in China found that they left chopsticks, drink soft drinks and burgers. People are standing in line and waiting for food as quickly as possible. Yun (2005, p 90) stated that the Chinese were habituated for having the traditional dietary food and found to eat slowly.
Lozada (2005, p163) argued that the impact of food globalisation found heterogenisation more than the homogenisation to localise the Chinese market. Numbers of scholars have mentioned that the process of localisation is a two-way process. The global companies want to fit their dietary system to the local culture, and people of the local area also found to modify their local culture and adopt new meanings by replacing the ignored one. The global companies and mainly the western cultured are more suitable with a degree of standards to fit with the local culture (Zhang et al. (2014, p 30). According to Yun (2005, p 95), the fast food restaurant chain also created a new tradition in China where the social relationship, valued and patter still created. Like, McDonald was localised for a place of leisure as it found people eat slowing in restaurants and take their kids with them to pass a long time. People do not evaluate the time in fast food restaurant shop as they make the place as a meeting place with the friends and also perform business discussion. Moreover like social gathering Birthday celebration also performed in McDonald stores. The 24-hour shop of McDonald has become the sport for the students. There are several local menus has been added to McDonalds and KFC menu to make the customers interested and engaged with the company (Yun, 2005, p 96 – 97).
It was evaluated undeniable the fact that the Western fast food culture has achieved certain cultural imperialism whereby it has been able to blend with other cultures to come up with foods that are accepted in foreign countries, especially in the Chinese market. The western fast food companies applied their localised technique as a process of their cultural survival. It evaluated that the global fast food KFC and other western fast food restaurants were socially constructed and find out how society operates. The western fast food companies have adopted some Chinese culture for the satisfaction of the customers. It also evaluated that the western food culture has also filled the previous gaps of Chinese society like enhance the knowledge of safety, quality, sanitation and make them people greatly follow the individualism (Yun (2005, p 104).
Gastro Politics
Pierre Bourdieu has established a theoretical model of gastro politics for the discussion of cultural imperialism (Bourdieu, 2001, p 76). Pal (2009, p 6-7, 13) has stated that the fast food considered as a process communication about the eating behaviour. It evaluated that the diversity of food also creates an impact on the physical circumstance of the people and develop boundaries to develop a group identity. According to Yun (2008, p 80 – 81) food can become a process to create conflicting issues in individuals thought. The theory evaluated in the situation when the people protest on western products and boycott from the society to eliminate the presence of Western culture in Chinese society. The visible presence of the companies was targeted to shoe the nationalist feelings. The domestic protest also fueled by the government to make the citizen to express their nationalism sentiment more effectively.
This research mainly focused on the urban area of the country, and mainly the cities and research should focus less urbanised areas to find out the influence of food globalisation in China. There is some research has been analysed in this section which was performed based on the Shanghai and Beijing cities.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Chapter three designates the examination design and methodologies employed in completing the current exploration. The section sets out various sub-headings incorporating research location, design of completing the research, the populace target, sampling methodology for the study, various data gathering instruments and procedures, and finally, the tactics for analysing data and presentating methods to utilised in the study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Bhattacharya, (2006 p 16) defines Research design as a fundamental strategy, structure, or plan conceived to bolster the gleaning of information to align the research to its basic questions and control the study variants. A study design helps in controlling the aspect of experimental, the conception of extraneous, and that of error variables pertinent to a particular research problem. Further, this study encompasses an underlying research strategy that would permit the gathering of requisite data about Western fast foods and their impact on the Chinese market.
LOCATION OF THE STUDY
The focus of the study was on fast food restaurants and business in China. The study incorporated individuals operating the business and the consumers. This area was selected because it showed the potential of the western fast foods.
TARGET POPULATION
Population refers to a certain group of individuals that fest certain common features. The study targeted a small sample population that had an idea of Western fast food in the Chinese economy.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND SAMPLE SIZE
Kumar, (2011 p 36) states that a sample is a part of a whole population which is thought to be a representative of the large population. Sampling is a process of selecting few cases to provide responses that can be utilized in making judgment about the target population. Often, researcher sample the populace to minimise costs, augment the speed of gleaning information, bolstering the precision of the findings and boost the accessibility of population and the study elements.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT AND PROCEDURE
Self-administered questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data intended for the current exploration because questionnaires pledge an increase degree of secrecy among the participating individuals and ensure the application of standardised questions aimed at all the contributors (Kothari, 2005 p 44). The questionnaires contained different six interrogations on the conception of demographics and fifteen other queries on the variables investigated. A Likert scale comprising of a 5- point scale for rating the questions was implemented.
DATA COLLECTION
Questionnaires and interviews with the respondents were among data collection methods that were used in the study. Primary information was obtained mainly through fielding pre-tested and structured scale questionnaires among the participants. The ideal was considered an ideal tool because it decreases the incidence of low return rates and missing data from the participants. Further, the researcher tasked other two study assistants to personally help in administering the questionnaires to the varied businesses and consumers.
DATA ANALYSIS
Findings were presented using statistical procedure/models such as tables and percentages, and graphs which were used to summarise the results in order to draw conclusions (Kothari, 2005 p 56). The tables and graphs were generated using SPSS statistical software. The study applied both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques. The analysis was guided by research objectives and research hypothesis.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Ethical considerations refer to a list of guidelines that helps the researcher to obtain information from the respondents in their best interest. the researcher will try to mitigate risk on the respondent as he maximises on quality information. The information collected will be used for academic purposes only hence, confidentiality of the information will be guaranteed. The respondent’s identity will remain private as well.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION
Chapter four entails the results and discussion of the study involving an evaluation of Western fast product and their impact on the Chinese market. 50 questionnaires were dully filled by the respondents in the study. 48 out of 50 questionnaires were returned for analysis and discussion. This was a good rate for analysis because a higher percentage responded well to the questionnaire and interview that was conducted by the researcher. Statistical test using SPSS was carried out to come up with frequencies on the data analysed. In turn, this enabled examination on the data and making of inferences and conclusions from the results.
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
The demographic section contains information or details concerning the characteristics of the
Gender distribution of the respondents
The study established the population of male and female that took place in the study. This was mainly to find out the extent to which both men and women are well conversant about the existent of Western fast foods in the Chinese market.
Table 1: Gender distribution of the respondents
Item
Gender
Frequency
Percentage %
Male
21
43.75
Female
27
56.25
Total
48
100.0
In
