The genre of culture is characterized by elements of diversity in the arts, language, music, religion, social customs, and cuisine; ranging from communities, countries, and continents. Culture is a composition of information and characteristics of a particular set of people. As time passes, culture changes. Since culture continues to be essential to human dignity and freedom and because the United Nations' body of cultural conventions establishes the basic rights under international law, culture has a significant bearing on human rights. (de la Cadena 2001). Culture is not stagnant or monolithic; rather, it is pluralistic and evolving constantly. Latin America (LA), like other regions of the globe, is distinct in its culture. The segments of high and popular culture are the primary distinctions of official and informal forms of the LA culture (Mignolo 2007). Furthermore, the diversity in race, customary practices and religion are significant. On the contrary, many elements of human sociology like globalization have significantly affected both the culture and the human rights of the Latin American people. Globalization is majorly founded on the changes in ideas, world views, products, and other aspects of culture, and it is a transitional process of integration internationally. Therefore, it is not only important to analyze the question of globalization in Latin America but also its effects on the culture and the human rights of the people in the very region.
Latin America
Many countries are located on the continent of Latin America. The nations are independent entities, and most of them speak romance languages, mainly Latin and Roman. Ranging from South America through the Caribbean to the northern Mexican border, the Latin America is composed of nineteen countries (Cole et al. 2005).
The Culture of Latin America
Ethnic Groups
With many and varied ancestral lineages, the LA has diverse ethnic groups, making up the versed population. Bolivia, Peru, and Guatemala are majorly composed of the Amerindians. A significant percentage of the rest of the LA inhabitants are Native Americans, and of mixed ancestry in the race (Angel 2014). The Caribbean and Brazil experienced a huge surge of African slaves in the sixteenth century that were flocked to LA. Consequently, the black race is a major constituent of the Caribbean population. Due to the intermarriages between the Europeans and the African slaves, the resultant descendants, named the Mulattoes, are approximately one-half of the people in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Brazil (Morner 2004). The ninetieth and the twentieth centuries were characterized by mass migrations of the European into the LA. Most of them settled in Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Furthermore, the same era was witnessed by the coming of the Japanese, Syrians, Koreans, Lebanese, and the Chinese into the continent. Although the groups make up a subtle percentage of the LA population, their communities in urban centers have social, cultural, and significant globalization effect (Trejo 2009).
Language
Spanish and Portuguese are the primary languages spoken in Latin America. Nevertheless, the latter is majorly spoken in Brazil. French is a dialect that could be termed marginalized, as it is mostly spoken in smaller nations of LA like French Guina and the Caribbean (Wright 2012). Most Latin American languages are spoken in Paraguay, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Panama, and Guatemala, as well as Mexico. Furthermore, the Creole and Nahuatl dialects are common in the region. Italian is spoken in Argentina and Brazil although among few people. Guarani, Welsh, and German are spoken in Mexico, South Argentina, and South Chile and Brazil respectively (Hornberger 1999).
Religion
With an overwhelming cover of 90 percent of the population, Christianity is the primary religion in LA. The segment of Roman Catholicism is the central one (Burdick 2010). Mormon, Hindu, Protestant, evangelical, Jehovah`s Witness, Jewish, Pentecostal, Buddhist, and Islamic are other religions practiced by the people of LA.
Arts
Visual art
It is worth noting that despite the abundant nature of the LA visual art, it is imperative to consider the influence caused by the Portuguese, Spanish, and the French Baroque painting in the genre (Masiello et al. 2001). Nevertheless, in the mid-twentieth century, the people of LA learned and chose to follow their respective ancestral paths, by resorting to their ancient visual arts (Kunzle 2005).
Philosophy
The period 1870 to 1930 was characterized by the philosophy of positivism. Both England and France exerted significant influence on the region, in particular on the intellectuals of the time. In their guest to breaking the tenets of colonialism, the intellectuals argued there was a need to embrace enthusiasm and positivism (Wade 2009). Furthermore, it was to be utilized as a tool to bring modernization in societies and the economy.
Music
Latin Americans have diversity in music. Whereas the northern Mexicans embrace Conjunto, a rural form of music, the Cubans are endeared habanera. The Andean flute and the Heitor Villalobos are instrumental. The Nueva canción movement was solely founded on music, hence the significant role played by music in LA. Even though the music of LA is incredibly diverse, the thread of Portuguese and Spanish dialects weave the genre together into a single whole (Chasteen 1999).
Modern dance
The dance styles of Latin America is always evolving. Since it is mainly founded on sexuality, the hype of the twenty-first century has made the genre to spread to the outside of the region, into the intercontinental arena (Chasteen 1999). For instance, Salsa is a dancing style that has grown broad and influential across the whole globe, despite its inception in time antiquity, the 1900s. Characterized with the Mexican mariachi, the new forms of dancing have always been synchronized to make a contemporary whole, which remains relevant to the world.
Theater
Even before the Europeans entered the continental LA, the art of theater already existed among the LA people. The ceremonies, rituals, and festivals of Latin America are unique and strongly binding to the native people. Elements like magic shows, singing, song, poetry, mime, dance, acrobatics, and theatrical skits. The attires of those who performed included wigs, costumes, makeup, and masks. Furthermore, visibility to the audience was enhanced and made clear by erecting tents. Other than the tree branches, the native artifacts were utilized to decorate the platforms (Silverman 2001).
Cuisine
The term cuisine is used to refer to the dieting of the people in Latin America. The common foodstuff consumed, the cooking designs, and the beverages common to all individuals, that compose the cultures in the countries of LA (Silverman 2001). Indeed, owing to the diversity of the region in forms of geography and climate, the manner of dieting remains different.
Human Rights in Latin America
Regardless of the differences in race, culture, nationality, ethnic origin, language, sex, and color, all people have the right to human rights. Without discrimination or bias, everybody is entitled to their human rights from across the world. The rights are considered to be interdependent, interrelated and indivisible (Sikkink & Walling 2007). Other than other pertinent forms of international law, the human rights are expressed in forms of treaties, general principles, and customary international statutes. Under the international law, the need for the enforcement of human rights is deliberated upon respective countries from across the world, to secure and deliver the fundamental freedoms and rights of all individuals.
The minimal needs that are rendered basic and unique for the human dignity are indeed founded in the umbrella of human rights. Even though the relationship between independent countries and their respective citizens are outlined by the human rights, the latter could be bridged or delivered amicably bordering on the basics of personal liberty, security, and life (Lutz & Sikkink 2001). Indeed, it is crucial to note that countries, and therefore governments are mandated to protecting, enforcing, and promoting the human rights, they are as well positioned in the capacity to violet the same. Many injustices that were committed against the human race, for instance, the Nazi exterminations should be theoretical backgrounds for relevant stakeholders to take into account the original essence of the human rights. Hence the inception of the international law that protects the human rights in as guided by the United Nations Security Council. The factor of human rights is usually divided into two broad segments by practitioners and scholars of human rights. The First one is the positive rights, which is inclusive of elements like education, food, shelter, healthcare that should be provided by respective nations as basic. Lastly is the negative rights, a class which is composed of the negative elements of discrimination, unlawful imprisonment, and torture against citizens of a particular country by their government (Sikkink & Walling 2007).
In its capacity, the human rights regime on an international platform has a unique and special connection with the region of Latin America. The cold war era was the first period in which the human rights were rolled out ant incepted into the Latin American regimes (Michel & Sikkink 2013). Indeed, the Latin American political landscape was centrally characterized by the cold war precepts, following the revolution that took a new shape in Cuba in the year 1959. Even though the legitimate forces of the Latin American republics tried to issue counterinsurgent forces, they were overwhelmed by the guerrillas who embraced revolution at the moment then. Consequently, the legitimate militaries of the people resorted to anarchy and dictatorship so as to deter the opposition forces that had been commonly the cause of uncalled for political coups (Michel & Sikkink 2013). It is worth noting that in their guest to stepping up counterinsurgency measure, the governments in the Latin American region committed many violations of the human rights in the affected nations. Indeed, a critical scrutiny at the era past the 1945 World War II, mot of the atrocities and hence offenses committed against the human dignity were done at the heart of the Latin American precincts (Lutz & Sikkink 2000). As a counter measure to the discriminations and denied human dignity, resistance was ensued in the region, as manifested by the grassroots human rights organizations, movements which were emulated in other parts of the world that had experienced similarly dire effects of denied access to fundamental rights.
Nevertheless, on the onset of the Cold War begun to end and pave the way for stable political forces across the world, the region of Latin America reclined to democratic practices, that embraced new forms of developed elements to foster transitional justice, for instance, the court trials of former rulers who had committed injustices against humanity and commissions that advocated for truth and reconciliations (Chillier & Varela 2009). Furthermore, the countries in Latin America chose to embrace grave and solemn constitutional reforms, which showed a reflection of the inception of the international law on the basic and fundamental human rights into their sovereign constitutions of the land. As a result, to date, the culture and norms that surround the protection and therefore the provision of human rights in Latin America are highly developed (Sikkink 1993).
The nature of human rights and the degree to which human dignity is esteemed in Latin America varies from one country to another. In some nations like the Republic of Columbia, torture, extra-judicial killings and disappearances are common vices in the society that have hit epidemic levels (Sundberg 2008). Due to lack of justice, thousands of the citizens of Peru lie in custody for accusations that remain subversive, despite their innocence. In the other countries in the region common inhuman elements like violations to political and economic as well as cultural rights, police brutality, and harsh prison conditions cut across the systems of power. Furthermore, the continental Latin America faces one significant challenge against human rights; impunity (Marti Puig 2002). People commit injustices against human dignity and make away with the offenses, or rather the investigations are not genuinely done to bring to book the perpetrators of the same.
The law had been manipulated to give amnesty to the government officers who were in power when injustices on human rights were committed. Nevertheless, they have been abolished in most countries. For decades, most politicians in the Latin American countries were not punished for their involvement in the acts that made the violations against human rights possible (Gill 2013). Furthermore, the military officials who were central players in the civil battles have been subjected to the new laws. Indeed, beginning the last decade, people who oversaw the executions and the torture of the innocent citizens have since then seen their amnesty took away and the gates to face justice opened. Whether the crimes were initiated long time ago or under different laws, the current laws remain non-partisan (Levitsky & Mainwaring 2006).
The inception of the acts of human rights in Latin America has served essential roles. Some of the functions performed include the abolition of dictatorship in the region, encouraging social justice, inspiriting secure and reliable democratic institutions, as well as establishing strong, active, and empowered citizenry (Katz 2005). Indeed, the governments have launched and established beyond doubt public policy and legislation functions at regional and national levels to meet the objectives of providing for and protecting human rights (Maraffi 1980).
Globalization
Globalization is a concept of significant influence on the politics, culture, and human rights. Globalization has led to interdependence regarding economic activities between and among nations. Some of the elements that have assumed new dimensions of change following globalization include infrastructure and communication, for instance, the mobile phones, the telegraph and the internet any given country (Nissanke & Thorbecke 2010). Some scholars argue that the subject of globalization took shape a long time ago, even before the European era of discovery, whereas other researchers contend that globalization is an issue of the recent past. Indeed, some experts trace the origin and hence the inception of globalization in the period of three centuries BC (Eakin & Lemos 2006). Nevertheless, it is important to note that tangible globalization took root in the nineteenth century. Years at the end of the 19th century through the twentieth century were characterized by intense globalization, which enhanced massive connectivity of the whole world, and segments of the culture and economy grew at very high rates (Aguilár & Ward 2003).
On the other hand, the term globalization per se is very recent, having been distinguished and conceptualized in the 1970s. By the year 2000, the International Monetary Fund outlined particular elements that were central to the description of the term (Grau 2008). The features included the movement of people and migrations, trade, capital, transactions, and investment changes. Furthermore, factors like overfishing in international waters, climate change, and air pollution were pertinent to the description (Stoke 2009). The questions of natural environment, socio-cultural resources, work organizations and economies as well as business transactions affect the definition of globalization.
Effects of Globalization on the Culture of Latin America
The transmission of meanings, ideas, and moral values across the world in a manner that fosters social relations among different countries constitutes what is referred to as cultural globalizations (Appadurai 2001). The elements of international traveling, internet sharing, social media, and traditional culture necessitate the processes marked by consumption of diverse information from different destinations of the world (Suarez-Orozco 2001). The aspects of colonization and exchange of commodities between people too have been a primary influence on globalization. The socialization experienced among people, and hence the exchange of culture across national and continental borders leads to globalization inevitably. It is critical to note that the transfer and sharing of material things are not the only form of globalization, rather, the transfer of abstract elements like knowledge and norms is cardinal too (Meinig 2004). The interconnectedness and socializing among people increase bonding, and this has been the situation throughout the Latin American societies and the world for decades.
While examining the effects of globalization in LA, it is evident that cross-cultural communication has been party to the inhabitants (Boudreaux 2008). Though related to the intercultural communication, the former deals with how people from different cultures exchange information and influence each other to speak similar and different languages for the sake of communication, and crossing of cultures (Avelino et al. 2005). Similarly, the concept of cultural diffusion has been a primary characteristic that has defined the effects of globalization in Latin America. For instance, the spread of cultural commodities like technologies, ideas, religions, languages, and styles has been proven (Haugen 2010). Indeed, cultural globalization has led to the increased contact among communities, regardless of whether initially communities were marginalized or isolated in the inertia of the Latin American boundaries. Indeed, at a keen examination, it has been realized that cultural globalization has led to the diversification of people and the withdrawal of societies from their common traditions (Sanchez 2003). Primarily, it is important to highlight that cultural globalization in the segments like satellite television sand Internet in the LA region have led to the spread of pop culture and expanded the global recreational opportunities.
Religion has been one of the central factors influenced be globalization in Latin America. The element of religion has been globalized, being spread by migration, a force among other factors, and this included segments like Mormonism, evangelists, Islam, traders, imperialists, and Christianity. The issues of the globalization of religion in the region took root and acted as a primary influence on other forms of culture (Merino & Vargas 2013).
Furthermore, globalization has been a major influence on sports. The Olympic Games conducted globally has been engaging over 200 nations from across the world, Latin American countries inclusive. The FIFA World Cup has been the primary sport, followed by the Olympic Games in the region (Harris 2000). Considering that approximately a ninth of the global population watched the FIFA world cup, it is thus worthy claiming that much is shared among different cultures to come up with a blended new, influencing the contemporary societies uniformly.
Scholars argue that the term globalization in itself connotes transformation. Therefore, elements of art like music could be transformed or totally lost into other forms of culture (Hearting 2012). Consequently, a state of emergency could easily be realized and accepted to in case of the lost national heritage. This could be witnessed in the trials made by local musicians struggling to maintain and centralize their authenticity in their performances to retain their traditional prowess and uniqueness in the genre (Harris 2003). Consequently, fusion genres have in the recent past emerged as attractive segments of analysis, following the effects of globalization, which have led to the discarding of traditional and ethical values otherwise engendered to the Latin.
The cultural and economic development of the Latin American people remains relevant and critical to the issue of globalization. For instance, reggae began as a local form of music, yet it spread and gained influence for the rest of the world due to globalization (Ancel 2012). The genre of music had reached international audiences, covering all the corners of the planet, hence its resultant influence even to the continental LA. Even though world music was centered to certain ethnic groupings and races, globalization has made the content available to everybody, shaping the culture of the people as a result, including that of the inhabitant of LA. Wants and tastes describe the unique needs of every person, based on their respective culture (Otero 2010). Nevertheless, due to globalization, people have developed intercultural desires, which could only be satisfied by music genres from outside their traditional backgrounds, hence reforming all or most of the society to match the artistic bits of the world. Indeed, globalization has marked a new beginning of the natural interdependence of cultural, political, economic, and personal factors.
On the contrary, people opposed to globalization have argued that it harms and compromises the cultures and diversity of a population and the world as a whole (International Consortium for the Management of Academic Publication, & International 2001). As an independent country or nations unique to their culture and traditions create links with other states, the variety between them is shared and eventually lost to create a unified whole whose nature is uniformly a reflection of either side c. Indeed, scholars have argued that due to the political and economic masculinity of the Western countries, globalization to a significant extent has spread to other parts of the world leading to the hurting and hence elimination of the ancient culture, and embraced the imported norms instead (Harris 2003). In this regard, it is worth noting that the Latin American culture has witnessed what scholars call Transculturalism, whereby the culture of other parts of the world is mirrored in the incumbent culture of the region, and their otherwise maiden characteristics reflected in other cultural uniqueness of other regions of the world.
Effects of Globalization on the Human Rights of Latin America
The concept of globalization touches the legal base effects on the question of basic rights. Whether existence of globalization champions development, culture, and the economy, for the betterment of the human rights and freedoms when globalization is incepted, it remains to be controversial. Indeed, the developing countries are at the center of influence, while approaching the issue in such a perspective. However, noting that human rights have become central to the issue of globalization in multiple facets, especially in Latin America, is important (Harris 2003). The first world countries, especially from the West, view the influence of globalization as the most convenient tool for engaging other parts of the world into economic, trade, political and culture elements of concern, pertinent to human rights. On the contrary, globalization has proved to be a negative element which has heightened impoverishment, societal fragmentation, insecurity, and increased poverty, hence, the compromised human dignity and the violation of the human rights for millions of people across Latin America.
The consumption of goods and services, increased economic growth and hence trade and commerce are characteristic to all countries that appreciate development. It is crucial to indicate that in the diverse societies of the world, development, as accentuated by globalization, is viewed in different perspectives (Merino & Vargas 2013). On the one hand, people embrace education, living standards, material well-being, leisure and work, and proper healthcare as indispensable forms of human rights. On the contrary, others value material and social welfare as the cornerstone of their development. Nevertheless, putting in focus the region of Latin America, globalization has made the question of societal development to be understood differently and the need to guarding human rights not taken with utmost seriousness (Harris 2003).
Among the fundamental declarations of the United Nations in 1986, it was accented that development was a fundamental segment of human life (Latin America Bureau 1978). That all people in the society were entitled to development, by putting efforts toward the general good of their lives and that of others, with an aim to benefiting in equal and just measure for their input. Furthermore, in the year 1990, under the very body of UN, it was declared that all human persons had the right to political, cultural, civil, and social rights. That the nature of such rights was interdependent, indivisible and inalienable (Merino & Vargas 2013). It was further maintained that human rights were indispensable elements in the life of every person and that their protection, provisions, and dispensability should not be compromised (Miller 2007). Nevertheless, the inception of the campaign of the need for development as founded on the influence of globalization has led to the compromising of the very fundamental basic rights in major parts of the world, including Latin America.
Indeed, the developmental agenda and transformational guidelines embraced by many nations in Latin America due to globalization are not reflective and compatible with the otherwise independent standards of human rights (Water 2001). Many options have been considered, as the effects of globalization have become an extreme force not to resists against but get assimilated to conveniently. Nevertheless, although in the short run the outcome has always been consistent with the postulated fabrics, the long-term results have been consistently proving incompatible with the harmonious dispensation of human rights. More detrimental effects have become part of the process of late, due to globalization (Merino & Vargas 2013). The integration of world systems, structures, and ideologies has led to maldevelopment, exploitation, and oppression in the Latin American society. The forces that remain central in the globalization processes violate the liberty of human rights with every effort to integrating them.
Conclusion
Culture is a composition of knowledge and characteristics of a given group of people, and the genre is defined by elements of diversity in arts, language, music, religion, social habits and cuisine; ranging from communities, countries, and continents. Globalization has led to interdependence regarding economic activities between and among nations. Some of the elements that have assumed new dimensions of change following globalization include infrastructure and communication, for instance, the mobile phones, the telegraph and the internet. Nevertheless, the question of globalization has had both negative and positive feedback on the culture and human rights of the people of Latin America.
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