After reading the material, the readers can identify the two types of testing materials. The two broad categories include testing methods include mechanical and non-destructive testing methods.
Tensile Test of Metals
A tensile test is one of the fundamental types of mechanical tests that are performed in the metallic material. By pulling the metallic object, an individual is capable of quickly determining how the material will react to the forces applied. As the object is being pulled, the strength is found along the object as it elongates. After the process, the object obtains a complete tensile profile.
Anisotropy of Timber
Anisotropy of timber is a good character and has the structural stresses parallel to the wood grain. The best approach in modifying anisotropy of timber is through reconstituting the wood pieces and veneers (Martínez-Sala et al., 2013). The testing method causes no trouble and is utilized by the structural designers in real world application. The vital element of the wood as a result of the test is the design of structural joints that follow the wood behavior.
Question 2
The two terms ductile and brittle are two terms used in describing the physical changes. Ductility refers to a scenario in which substances can be easily hammered and drawn into wires without breaking them. Metals form the best examples of ductile materials, which can be high or low. The wires drawn from ductile materials accommodate multiple uses such as electric wires. Brittle substances are those that are easy to break. The substances are always hard and not easy to break like ductile substances. The examples of brittle items include ceramics and glass. These items are used in building construction (Hopcroft, Nix & Kenny 2010).
Question 3
Reinforced concrete cement
Steel framed structure
The material used in the construction process is reinforced cement structure
The material used in taking the load is Steel.
The cross-section area of the structural element is always large
The cross-section is always small
The structure is less resistant to environmental threats such as an earthquake
The structure is more resistant to environmental threats such as wind and earthquakes.
The structure is less prone to corrosion, and the repairs are costly compared to the original cost.
The structure is prone to corrosion
The weight of the structure is less
The weight of the structure is less
The concrete needs care while in the construction process
Joints need care while in the construction process
The cross-section of the structure is always square, rectangular, circular, L or T shaped.
The cross-section of the structure is I, L, C, or T shaped
Source: Almottiri, F.A., 2011. Physical properties of steel fiber reinforced cement composites made with fly ash. Jordan Journal of civil engineering, 5(2), pp.278-286.
Question 4
Yield stress refers to the value at progressive yield point. It refers to when there is no relationship between the increasing level of stress and increasing strain (Emborg, 2014). It is an important value in the UTS point after some destruction where the deformation begins.
Proof stress refers to an approximation of the yield point for the materials that lack definite limits due to their structure. In the approximation process, a tangent arises from the proportional limit. The intersection point between the graph and the tangent determines the proof stress of a material.
Question 5
To get 1 mm i divide 245 by 4 = 61.25
0.02 x 61.25 = 1.225
0.505 x 1.2225 = 0.62 so do I add 0.1 and 0.62 to get 0.72
Question 6
a) Young modulus = tensile stress /Tensile strain = (8/area of the cylinders)/ (0.2/100)r
Area of the cylinder is 2πr2+2πr
2×22/7×2.5252 + 2×22/7×2.525 = 191.8 + 15.8 = 207.6
Tensile stress = 8/207.6 = 0.0385
Tensile strain = 0.2/100 = 0.002
Young modulus = 0.0385/0.002 = 19.25
b) The metal for which young modulus has been calculated is likely to be copper. Lll the forms of copper fall within the range of 14 to 21.8
Question 7
Young modulus refers to the ratio of stress to strain in an elastic range of deformation.
Material stiffness refers to a parameter whereas components stiffness is the overall stiffness of the component depending on the material utilized.
Stiff columns are essential elements in a building structure since it determines the distribution of walls. The columns also reduce the flexural rigidity of both wall and column sections. The stiffness is recommended for walls since it reinforces the contents at an axial level.
Question 8
Stress is unavoidable where stressed tension is relatively at low levels. The applied stress is directly proportional to the induced strain. The elastic deformation caused by deformation is temporary, and the materials are likely to return to their original shapes after the application of stress. When the applied stress goes past the elastic region, plastic deformation is likely to occur, and the stress level is no longer proportional to the strain. The tensile strength of maximum stress is capable of withstanding the tension. The deformations before the point are similar throughout the narrow material in use. Stress levels also make small confined limitations on the neck of the region where the load is applied. Additionally, the smaller load is useful in producing a greater deformation.
References
Almottiri, F.A., 2011. Physical properties of steel fiber reinforced cement composites made with fly ash. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering. 5(2), pp.278-286.
Emborg, M., 2014. Thermal stresses in concrete at early ages. In: Elfgren, L. and Shah, S.P. eds. Analysis of concrete structures by fracture mechanics. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. pp. 63-79.
Hopcroft, M.A., Nix, W.D. and Kenny, T.W., 2010. What is the young's modulus of silicon? Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 19(2), pp.229-238.
Martínez-Sala, R., Rodríguez-Abad, I., Barra, R.D. and Capuz-Lladró, R., 2013. Assessment of the dielectric anisotropy in timber using the nondestructive GPR technique. Construction and Building Materials. 38, pp.903-911.
