Argentina is rated third in both South and North America for criminal injustice due to its low rate of incarceration. The US has the highest incarceration rate in the globe when compared to Argentina. The cause is not America's focus on all criminal cases, but rather the large number of individuals who are incarcerated. Younger African American males are more at risk due to mass incarceration because they are twice as likely to be locked up as white people. At present, the rate of incarceration in the United States over the decades has increased to a greater rate more than in 1972. In 1972 the local number of jails and in the prisons was 100,000 populated. In the year 2009-2012 the number of prisoners decreased by a small number, and later the incarceration rate increased to 2.23 million people in local jails and prisons (Abel 55). This number is estimated to around 100 prisoners in every jail proving that the incarceration rate to approximate of 5 to 10 times greater than in any other areas in Western European and other liberal republics.
In 2011 tribal discrepancy was high as much as incarceration was concerned. Around 60% that is 858,000 blacks which is also a small community in the US and other 40% equivalent to 464,000 Hispanics that takes the largest number of US. This statistics interprets that in areas of blacks there were more prisons built. Back to 1960s, it has been observed that more African men in American born served in jail rather than how to have completed a four-year degree course in college (Abel 60). Almost every black American men aged thirty-five years that failed to complete high school were likely to be jailed and never employed in the employment market.
The rise of imprisonment in the US transformed the criminal justice system and lowered that racialism thus reducing poverty in urban Centre. The incarceration rate in the US has continued to rise although researchers and trying on how they can reduce the rate of prisons especially to the minorities and the poor.
Cause of prison growth, consequences of the policy of mass incarceration. The rapid growth in the rate of the number of prisons and jails in the US is due to complexity in continued progression in political development and alterations in law enactment. There is also the reaction to the war in the state on drugs, changes in sentencing practices, an extension of the national penal code and the hearing of minors in adult courts.
The rate of crime in the 1960s went up due to a period at which the social division increased, and the national level politics of crime increased. Following a debate on sentence practice, it led to a dramatic change away from the unspecified penalizing model that has succeeded much more of the 20th century (Menkel 7). As a consequence sentencing practice today is characterized by severe constraints on judge and parole executives in many prerogatives and diminished emphasis on observing the specific situations of lawbreaker and crime. These alterations of imprisonments law and the effects of war on drugs nationally has been the major cause of the increase in the incarceration as from 1980.
As from 1961 to 1972, as the American sentencing and pattern laws were being changed the rate of imprisonment dramatically failed. Later after further discussion in the court with a couple of judges, on the decision to be made on how to impose custody, confinement, test, or financial sentences and individualizing the sentencing time brought a wide discretion to judges. This discretion made the rate of incarceration to raise as also no greater attention was sentencing procedural fairness was made in1978 as laws were being passed there was disagreement in sentencing rules made since they were considered as being unsatisfactorily severe. It also caused delayed of custodians in jailed as more were being imprisoned hence the imprisonment rate also increased.
In a country like Argentina, they used the social control in the control of any imprisonment sentencing this social control, this is the use of social norms, rules, laws, and social, economic and institutional structures, included the exercise of traditional rule and enforcement to help to control incarceration rate. The enforcement of social control in Argentina, therefore, became so successful in the rate of imprisonment which it lowered.
With social control in Argentina more killing and injuries cases were observed to the civilians by the police, and at the same time, the police killings were also seeing. The killings focused almost totally on unidentified, unfortunate people, this exploitation of killings seems like a dangerous form of powerful social control. Once social unrest threat rose up, as a result of improved public organization plus with additional in monetary insufficiencies, the forces may immediately execute a huge magnitude of the accused as long as they are together in choice then diminish-class view accepts the implementations as valid. In all these situations, whereas judgment is divided, the law enforcement agency fierceness is slightly tolerable; certainly, the regularity of secluded vigilantism signs its satisfactoriness with the cloud of the general public.
Since Argentina is a Free Federation, it is challenging to understanding that law enforcement agency killings as reasonable excluding in the preface of law-breaking regulation and the decree of the rule. Consequently, almost all forces killings are reasonable to the community as a way of individual-protection, naturally in the situation of bullets exchange. This explanation seems to be crucial for establishing mass view although, for particular minimum number of persons at all socioeconomic ranks, overview performances, like vigilantism, are revealed the correct reprimand for supposed crimes. (O'Malley 22). Knowledge in other nations proposes that it’s probably as for the establishments to edge and also avoid forces fierceness. A kind of this power shall not be exercised in Argentina, though as long as the forces use of deadly force put in order a means of societal regulation suitable for both selected and people’s view.
Family structure Argentina as compared to the US
Most of the Latin American families in Argentina were faced with the problem of lack of adequate income, and thus it was challenging for them to meet their basic needs since they depended on hunting. Most of them were hunters and gatherers which meant that they only searched-for food for instantaneous feeding indicating that they seldom exercised the trade. However, the small groups that were agrarians and they could exchange their farm harvest for meat from the predators (Quirós and Zysman 3). The maximum common status accessible for women in these groups included childbearing. Most of the poor people could not afford to marry while the case of legal divorce was usually challenging. Thirty percent of all the domestic duties were under the duty of women which was similar to the United States.
Most of the Latin Americans families in Argentina had 3.5 to 5.3 members in each household, and this was a design of the small population of the country. Official marriages were not mutual particularly among the lower-class families, and they exercised consensual unions. For instance, the poor blacks living in Argentina and in United State both did not get married in most cases with a higher percentage of most couples being unmarried irrespective of their age. Catholicism also applied in the US, and most of these families were a mother-centered and some of the common features among these family institutions included poverty, early motherhood, and migration. Families in Argentina and in the USA were primarily defined by male dominant familial settings where the roles of the men involved hunting and gathering and providing food for other members of the family. The above meant that the males were rarely home and thus the women in homes were left with the duty of looking after their children.
The problem with this movement was that, despite the males offering support to their families, the association between them was affected. There were rare cases of wives having affairs outside marriage since if their husbands found out, they could leave them or physically beat the women. The final decision was usually made by the fathers even though the duty of the children was usually with their mommies. The family was the universal social institution among these groups, and members usually shared a social space that was founded on parental ties, conjugality, and kinship relations. The family relations among the Latin Americans from Argentina were a basic feature for forming a household, and the familial institutions were highly respected even by the church (Bazemore and Walgrave 23).
What US can take from the Argentina
According to the report released the crime rate in Argentina much lower as compared to United State. Like in murder cases Argentina has being ranked behinds countries like Chile and Cuba, and this makes it lower and stable, that gives Argentina killing profile close to those of Europeans countries as it is ranked third lowest in murder cases in both US and in South America. As for citizens in Argentina that take justice into their own hands usually are justified in the light of the absence of the state which can be borrowed by US government and implement.
Sex trafficking cases in Argentina are very few scenarios seen this because there was a story of Trimarco’s daughter who was once kidnapped and sent into the sex trade in April 2002. This act forced to battle to find her. She penetrated human-trafficking bands under the pretext of wanting to “trade” women. The information she collected led to the release of dozens of sexually-abused women, and she started a foundation that has helped pass laws to fight human trading. Trimarco’s silence did not help her find her daughter, but lately, after a prolonged trial and petition process, ten of her daughter’s abductors were penalized for up to 22 years in jail (Menkel 15). The American government needs to establish some of these foundations and campaign for them without fail, and all its sex trafficking case might be lowered this still can lower the incarceration rates. Again police and judicial competence in the US need to increase the rate at which the response to criminal offenses these reduces the criminal cases, but not increasing the building of prison which is just putting Band-Aids on bullet holes.
The United States has reported being having the highest rate of the incarceration in the whole world not because it has greater crime rates, but because it incarcerates more kinds of illegal offenders, including non-violent and drug offenders, and retains them in jail longer. High imprisonment rates are the consequence of "truth in sentencing," "mandatory minimum" and "three strikes" laws which have a poor judicial decision in sentencing and parole relief. As a result, judgments are now mainly determined by what the prosecutors choose to control and the accuser regularly over-charge perpetrators to inspire plea settlements.
African Americans are six times more probable to be imprisoned than a white person, and non-white Latinos are virtually three times more probable to be imprisoned, according to the Pew Center on the States. Confinement hits firmest at young black and Latino men who never completed secondary school education. An astonishing 11 percent of black men, aged between 20 and 34, are still uneducated (Bazemore and Walgrave 27). Blacks were also more arrested on drugs charges at five times the rate of white which proved to as a result of racial dispatch despite the fact that African Americans use drugs at unevenly the same rate as white Americans. The United States needs to strictly license the individual with the guns and avoid any racial dispatch among the American no matter the color and the same time create employment for all.
Works cited
Abel, Richard L., ed. The Politics of Informal Justice: Volume 2: Comparative Studies. Vol. 2. Elsevier, 2014.
Bazemore, G. and L. Walgrave (eds) (1999) Restorative Juvenile Justice: Repairing the Harm of Youth Crime. New York: Criminal Justice Press .Abel, Richard L., ed. The Politics of Informal Justice: Volume 2: Comparative Studies. Vol. 2. Elsevier, 2014.
O'Malley, Pat. "Neoliberalism, Crime and Criminal Justice." (2016).
Quirós, Diego Arturo Zysman. "Punishment, Democracy and Transitional Justice in Argentina (1983-2015)." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 6.1 (2017): 88-102.
Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. "Process Pluralism in Transitional/Restorative Justice-Lessons from Dispute Resolution for Cultural Variations in Goals beyond Rule of Law and Democracy Development (Argentina and Chile)." (2015).
