about development theories

What does the reliance school have to do with the creation of underdevelopment? The Dependency Theory was founded by the United Nations in the late 1950s under the direction of Raul Prebisch, then-director of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America. The hypothesis was established as a result of the fact that economic progress in the developed world did not result in growth in the developing world. According to UN reports, the economic practices of developed countries have resulted in a serious economic crisis in developing countries (Desai and Potter 2013, p 170). The phenomenon of the dependency theory was that underdeveloped countries exported raw materials to the developed countries who then processed those raw materials and then sold them back to the developing countries at a higher price.

The dependency school by the term development of the underdevelopment is a concept of ensuring the economies of the poor state develop in line with those of the wealthy country. Primarily, the developed states have been using the underdeveloped states for their benefits without considering the development of those countries. For instance, since the historical experience of the underdeveloped states during the colonial era, the underdeveloped countries have failed to show any progress (Okolie 2015, p 32). Moreover, the contemporary underdevelopment is a bigger part of the old product of continuing and past economic relations between the developed states and the underdeveloped.

The development of underdeveloped stems for the dependency theory and it has five propositions, and they include underdevelopment firstly. It states that underdevelopment is a term that refers to the condition under which the resources of the underdeveloped nation are being used (Frank 2010, p 78). For instance, the European countries during colonial era viewed the North American nations as undeveloped. This means that the land in that area was not used to benefit the people and the region. Similarly, the development of underdevelopment states that the developing nations are not behind because they cannot develop or because they lagged behind in technology (Desai and Potter 2013, p 177). The underdeveloped are behind because they have been interred to the western economies where they had become a source of raw material that is then value added to generate more income and improve the economies of the developed nations.

Additionally, the distinction between the underdeveloped and undeveloped and places around the world most in developing nations are profoundly different from the historical contents. This is to say that underdevelopment is a notion that is created by the developed countries by using their economic superiority to intimidate the undeveloped country. The developed states are only interested in using resources from underdeveloped nations for their benefits. The dependency theory suggests that the alternative use of resources in the underdeveloped countries is preferably the usage pattern created and imposed by the developed countries (Desai and Potter 2013, p 179). The development of underdevelopment is a strategy by world theorist to make sure that the underdeveloped states get the recognition they deserve and the funding for them to develop.

The developed nations have been negating the plight of the underdeveloped states yet they are the ones contributing to the underdevelopment by getting the best minds in these regions and draining their resources. It is quite weird the underdeveloped countries are the ones rich in precious minerals such as gold, oil, and diamonds among other minerals (Okolie 2015, p 38). This shows that with effective utilization of the resources in the underdeveloped nations they can become major world economies in years to come and this is the main reasons why the developed countries are suppressing development in developing nation are they fears rivalry at the global stage.

Moreover, the difference in culture and inequalities in income have resulted in many observers to find duals economies and societies in underdeveloped nations. These are as result of history, contemporary, and structure of independent others (Frank 2010, p 72). This shows that a part of the economy and society is affected by intimate economic relations making nations to become capitalist and modern. The other part of the community is mainly referred to as feudal, pre-capitalist, isolated, subsistence-based, and isolated and therefore becoming more underdeveloped (Desai and Potter 2013, p 184). Primarily, the entire dual society is false, and the policy recommendations developed a lead in perpetuating and intensify the conditions of underdevelopment which is supposed to be the remedy for the situation.

Primarily, the development of the capitalist system rather than socialism system over the past few centuries has entirely and efficiently penetrated even through the most underdeveloped regions. Moreover, there are economic, cultural, and political institutions and they are a product of the capitalist system. The main ideas of the development of underdevelopment are to develop the underdeveloped countries by ensuring that the resources generated in the country unutilized to ensure economic growth and development. The primary concern of the dependency theory is to make sure that the funds benefit the whole nation rather than other states. Similarly, the concept of the development of the underdevelopment suggests that the countries should develop policies of self-reliance to ensure social, political, and economic progress (Okolie 2015, p 42). This would be substantial for the countries to improve their economic development.



Question 2

How could discourse analysis help us to better understand gender and development?

Disclosure analysis is gradually becoming an established aspect of sex and development. Using several techniques and methods, the disclosure analysis can offer significant insight into the complex world of development gender. Exposure analysis is a term used to indicate several approaches that analyze written, sing language, significant semiotic and vocal events (Elson 2010, p 206). It is important to understand that there are several studies on gender and development, so disclosure analysis is critical in helping understand the items at hand.

The question of development generated many transformations in most of the world's economies and societies at the end of the second world war. Disclosure analysis gives in-depth analysis on how gender and development have come a long way into existence. For a long time, women had been sidelined by their male counterparts for a long time in sections of leadership and other important positions in society. Their primary task was believed to be in the kitchen and looking after children (Seguino 2010, p 180). However, changes in social dynamics have resulted into gender equality to be established. Although the intended purpose has not yet been achieved, there is an indication that we are on the right track. Moreover, changes in gender imbalance are it cultural or behavioral forms a part of sex system that has an impact on the population structure and its demographic components such as migration, mortality, and fertility.

While fertility might be in decline in some areas leading to the increase in aging populations it could result in an imbalance. Primarily, gender adds an extraordinary complexity in the population structure, and therefore it is an important account that cannot be neglected anymore. Moreover, the issues of gender become more complicated in instances people start looking at a problem related to immigration were women and children are the ones who get abused the more (Seguino 2010, p 189). This is to say that gender is an important aspect in both development and other issues that make a country to develop. Moreover, the relationship between sex and fertility is mainly not straight forward as expected (Elson 2010, p 208). Primarily, declining fertility is sometimes associated with increasing female autonomy while on the other hand is associated with an increase in gender discrimination. When considering the gender transitions it important to consider the changing mortality, demographic developments, and religious values.

Additionally, through the proximate of determinants of gender and development changes to key components is important. Primarily, the people of third world nations have been for a long time being perceived as passive and helpless victims. Moreover, postcolonial critics have consequently had a high impact on the development mainly on gender and development. Primarily they forced a move away from a singular feminism to a stage where the voice of women from the south and back women could be heard through fair representation. The post-colonial feminisms allows for desperate and competing voices of women in the society rather than reproducing colonial powers (Seguino 2010, p 187). This showed that the immigrant middle-class women could speak for their silenced sisters in the south.

Moreover, to present the issues of gender in another perspective is understanding why the problem of one-third has become popular. This shows how sex and development have been embedded in the society to show how women are a less superior figure in the community. This is indicated by the fact that most of the families who are female-headed are in poverty status. This is further backed by the fact the household grabs the attention because they are the poorest of the poor (Elson 2010, p 202). Importantly, the accuracy of projection between the link on gender and development with headship and poverty. Primarily, the issue of feminization and poverty has had a hot topic in particular with issues concerning children and women on their dependency on men. Disclosure analysis gives in-depth analysis on how gender and development have come a long way into existence (Seguino 2010, p 199). For a long time, women had been sidelined by their male counterparts for a long time in sections of leadership and other important positions in society.

Importantly, development and equality studies indicate that female-headed household in the rural area owns very few assets, land, have very limited access to productive, and credit inputs. Development and gender are things that go hand in with each other. It is evident that nation which has accepted the leadership of women have started to see some changes and development. Consequently, an organization with the ladies in leadership and decision-making position are doing better than the groups led by their male counterparts. Moreover, changes in gender imbalance are it cultural or behavioral forms a part of sex system that has an impact on the population structure and its demographic components such as migration, mortality, and fertility (Elson 2010, p 207). The post-colonial feminisms allows for desperate and competing voices of women in the society rather than reproducing colonial powers.

Question 3

Why does the post-development school place such a large emphasis on postmodernism to articulate their critical viewpoints of development?

Postmodernism is described as the movement that marked the end of modernism in the mid to late 20th century across criticism, architecture, the arts, and philosophy. A set of radicle strategies that emerged in the 1970s, but proliferated rapidly especially in the early 1980s, which had in common an antipathy to modernism, and sought to depart from its certainties, progressive narratives, and claims to actual quality. After this development that has led to modernity, the emphasis is made especially in schools of literature to embrace postmodernism in speaking their most important ideas on development for various reasons (Desai and Potter 2013, p 322). Because authors such as Lyotard and Baudrillard criticize the aspect of culture, architecture, literature and philosophy, which are the primary forms of postmodernity, the post-development school has insisted on emphasizing postmodernism. They believe it is the idea of postmodernism that will give rise to innovation and new technology.

Postmodernism refers to ‘after Modern’. The central question arising from postmodernity however is, “Are most people enjoying the fruits of modernity as the outcome of development?” Most people have not seen the relevance of modernity; they still have to struggle for their basic needs and to them, pre-development and post-development to not have a clear difference. To them, postmodernity has not yet been achieved (Desai and Potter 2013, p 328). The approach of postmodernism as an academic practice is the most significant from the perspective of development studies.

Through the inculcation of postmodernism into the post-development schools, the current student is subjected to a new way of seeing things, how they get to know and characterize the world. Since postmodernism is a form of expression in the creative and aesthetic disciplines like art, architecture and literature, Desai and Potter (2014), post-modern students are able to think of development as a diverse approach to life that mainly revolves around art and literature and are able to use their artistic abilities to make hens meet. According to the post-development school, modernity is essential in sociology and is, therefore, a bridge to social and political stability.

There is a pressing need to create a visible distinctive difference between pre-development, development and post-development. This can only be achieved by creating a mindset in the generation after development by giving them the ideas and instances of change and those that occurred before the modification. This way, development is carried a different and more dangerous approach. The post-development generation, therefore, needs to learn and know about their abilities to create a modern world using their skills and talents. Postmodernism is one of the approaches that scholar and they think of as a way of encouraging significant exhibitions of universal surveys, scientific findings and technical realizations in attaining modernity. Modernity is a way of making simplicity takes the part of the complexity. Modernity and development, however, refer to mere than just the physical but also include the emotional. That is ethnicity, racial issues or religious differences (Desai and Potter 2013, p 428). The problem of poverty is not left behind. Development and modernism demand that these relationships be strengthened to achieve postmodernism.

The development period meant a time where development would no longer be the central organizing principle of social life. Postmodernism is not a new historical age to which advocates consider that we have made it. Modernism regime is defined by the need to change the notions of “knowing and doing” and the political economy of truth. In sociology, postmodernism is regarded as an important tool in defining the perspective of modernity. For this reason, the post-development school has taken it upon themselves to emphasize on postmodernity as a tool of uttering their perspectives of development in the form of art and architecture.

Postmodernism is often appraised as a traditional belief rooted within late capitalism hence forbidden. As much as postmodernism may have lost its meaning in the early 2000s for post-colonialism, it still retains much of its value especially when it comes to understanding development. For instance, countries in the west are regarded as developed while the rest are termed underdeveloped. Colonialism took place in most of the countries in Africa and other ‘underdeveloped’ countries, even after this, some of these continents are viewed as underdeveloped. As a result, postcolonialism does not directly guarantee development. Postmodernism is a state that requires gradual steps in achieving development. It is about having the mindset of technological advancements, political stability, peace and low poverty levels.

Postmodernism, therefore, is a valuable tool in the definition of development that should be emphasized. It is an important sociological term as it provides a very different and dubious to the conventional theories of modernity. Ideas of modernity are also important in shaping the capacity of thinking of most of the western cultures into thinking diversity, modernization, and development in general. Therefore, an urgent need arises on the emphasis and the distinction between postcolonialism, development, and postmodernity.



















Bibliography

Desai, V. and Potter, R.B., 2013. The companion to development studies. Routledge.

Elson, D., 2010. Gender and the global economic crisis in developing countries: a framework for analysis. Gender & Development, 18(2), pp.201-212.

Frank, A.G., 2010. The underdevelopment of development. La Sociología en sus escenarios, (17).

Okolie, A.M., 2015. Global political economy and development of underdevelopment: Different people, same market and glorification of poverty. Being an Inaugural Lecture Presented at University of Nigeria, Nsukka on March.

Seguino, S., 2010. The global economic crisis, its gender and ethnic implications, and policy responses. Gender & Development, 18(2), pp.179-199.