Over 1700 years of anti-Semitic hostility and approval have passed since Jews first arrived in Germany. The Reform Jewish movement began in Germany in the 19th century, and as a consequence, Germany's rational life reached its pinnacle and German Jews were assimilated into the culture of the larger society. However, the next century, the 20th, saw the worst anti-Semitic persecution during the Third Reich, which led to the Holocaust and all but wiped out the Jewish community in Germany and Europe. Currently, above 200000 Jews or individuals of Jewish origin are in Germany making it an isolated Jewish community existing in the European nation. The Jews suffered a lot during the Hitler reign, but the process had a chronological of events that happened to lead to the end of anti-Semitic aggression.
By January 1933, about 522000 Jews were living in Germany. However, 304000 of these individuals emigrated in the first six years of Nazi dictatorship leaving 214000 Jews during the start of the Second World War. Between 1939 and 1933, the Nazi administration had launched daunting and radical communal, economic and communal adjust to the German Jewish persons. The six years of the Nazis-encouraged legislation had disenfranchised and marginalized Jewish citizenship in Germany as well as expelling them from the commercial life and professions. By 1939, only 16 percent of the Jewish breadwinners had a stable job of any type. Many Jews were locked up in the deliberation camps after a massive arrest in the aftermath of Kristallnacht in 1938.
Background of Jews in Germany
The Jewish settlers established the Ashkenazi Jewish society in High Middle Ages and early 5th to 10th century. However, the population survived under Charlemagne although they suffered at the time of Crusades. The accusation of the poisoning in the Black Death resulted in the mass killing of German Jews making a considerable number to flee to Poland. The Jewish migration from Italy is regarded as the source of the ancient Jews in Germany. During the time of settlement, the legal status of the Jews was similar to other parts of the Roman kingdom. They enjoyed some national rights although constrained regarding the spread of their traditions, having non-Jewish servants and possessing the office of the administration. However, they were liberated to pursue any form of a profession that was unfastened to their member residents and involved in the market, industry, steadily money-lending and agriculture. These situations were sustained in the recognized Germanic empires under Franks and Burgundians. Moreover, the Merovingian leaders who came after the Burgundian kingdom were lacking devotion and provided slight support to the endeavors of the cathedral to limit the social and civic position of the Jews.
Between 800 and 814, Charlemagne utilized the church for the rationale of instilling unity into the slackly connected sections of his extended territory. The king employed Jews for the manipulative purposes and made the church to forbid Christians from being usurers hence making the Jewish to secure the remunerative domination of money lending. The status of Jewish community remained the same even under Louis the Pious. They were unlimited in their trade although they paid high taxes to the authorities than the non-Jews. Judenmeister who was an exceptional administrator was allotted by the management to secure Jewish privileges. The Carolingians followed the demands of the church where the bishops discussed at the synods for involving and enforcing decrees of the canonical rules that resulted in the mistrust of the Jewish unbelievers.
The Jewish societies in the towns of Worms, Speyer, and Mainz became the center of Jews during the medieval time which was a golden era since the regional bishops protected the Jews leading to amplified prosperity and trade. The first crusade started the period of Jews persecution in Germany. The whole communities such as those of Cologne, Mainz, Worms, and Trier were assassinated. The battle upon the Hussite heretic became the trigger for the renewed harassment of the Jewish population in Germany. By the end of the 15th century, there was religious abhorrence that attributed Jews to all evils. However, the atrocities conducted by Khmelnytsky made the Polish Jews come back into western parts of Germany. The fall of Napoleon in 1815 led to the growth of nationalism that increased Jewish suppression. Between October and August 1819, pogroms called Hep-Hep riots occurred in the whole country where several German states denied Jews civil rights causing the emigration to other parts of Europe.
Since the reign of Moses Mendelssohn up to 20th century, Jewish attained emancipation after which they prospered. Following the development of Nazism and anti-Semitic policies, many Jews were harshly mistreated. In 1936, harassment became a progressive ideology of Nazi after which the pace of persecution was increased between 1935 and 1936. By 1936, all Jews were banned for expertise jobs as well as preventing them from taking part in industry, politics education and higher learning. Moreover, the storefronts owned by Jews were vandalized and smashed while fire damaged several synagogues. The augmenting anti-Semitism provoked the wave of massive emigration of the Jewish from German during the 1930s.
More than twelve thousand Jews are believed to have died in the Rhenish towns amid July and May 1096. To comfort their principles, Christians raised allegations against the Jews so that to confirm that they were worth their destiny. Moreover, they ascribed felonies such as ritual murder, vandalism of the host, treason, and poisoning of wells which drove thousands to exile and others killed. Moreover, Jews were blamed for causing the attacks of Mongols although they suffered similarly to the Christians. Between 1348 and 1349, the Black Death happened in Europe which accused Jewish population of the contamination of the well. Consequently, the general killings started countrywide leading to the massive exodus to the eastern parts. The Jews were lovingly welcomed by the Polish ruler who established the prospect basis of the most prominent Jewish society in Europe.
Furthermore, the remaining Jews were subjected to ghettos and systematic deportations and death camps in eastern parts of Europe. By May 1943, Germany was proclaimed clean of Jews which resulted in the death of about 180000 Jews under the Nazi regime, Germans together with their collaborators. Almost 6 million Jews in Europe were assassinated under the command of the Nazis in the massacre regarded as the Holocaust. After the battle, the Jewish society in Germany began to grow slowly. By the start of 1990, a burst of growth was supported by the immigration from Russia which made Germany the only nation in Europe with the growing Jewish society. By 2014, the number of Jews in Germany was 118000 without the inclusion of non-Jewish members of the homesteads.
The majority of German Jews who endured the battle in exile choose to stay in the foreign lands although small numbers went back. About 15000 German Jews had survived the deliberation camps. Furthermore, nearly 200000 displaced persons joined the remaining German Jews and occupied the western part of Germany after being liberated on the German soil or finding no residency on the eastern part of Europe. In 1948, Israel attained independence making the majority of the Jews to leave Germany although about 15000 stayed. Regardless of hesitation and history of rivalry between eastern European and German Jews, they combined to create the foundation of the new Jewish society and formed their unitary representative association in 1950. During the Holocaust, about 150000 German Jews were serving in the German Wehrmacht comprising of high-ranking officers and decorated veterans as well as admirals and generals. Several of the Jewish soldiers did not regard themselves as Jewish but embraced military as the way of living and dedicated partisans who were enthusiastic to serve a revitalized Germany.
Anti-Semitism Started to Gain Political Power
Anti-Semitism is regarded as the discrimination or prejudice against Jews as a group and individuals. Since the middle age up to 18th century, Jews living in Germany were subjected to several persecutions together with brief moments of tolerance. Even if the 19th century started with series of pogroms and riots against Jewish settlers, liberation followed in 1848 making Jews in Germany the primarily incorporated population in Europe by the 20th century. However, the situation changed during the early 1930s when Nazis became dominant and started to implement the anti-Semitic program. The hate speech that regarded Jewish population as dirty became rampant in anti-Semitic newspapers and pamphlets such as Der Sturmer and Volkischer Beobachter. After the defeat of the First World War, the Nazis turned their aggression against the Jews by blaming them for the loss.
The anti-Jewish propaganda spread rapidly with Nazi cartoons showing dirty Jews being unattractive and dressed poorly. Moreover, the Nazi utilized anti-Semitism as the tool to gain support for the political party. The Jewish societies all over the world suffered from religious suppression for several years and were often blamed for community's ill. The Nazi exploited various anti-Semitic myths which were entrenched in the European traditions for generations. To gain fame, they encouraged the notion of master race and maintained that Germany was a state of untainted Aryans but was contaminated by inferior individuals such as Jews. During the rise of Hitler, Germany was having massive economic problems making leaders use Jews as the scapegoat by accusing them of the fall of the kingdom. As a result, the Nazis found many willing supporters that promoted the anti-Semitic program. By 1937, Christian dominions had no chance of defending Jews except those who were transformed to Christianity. Also, the pope condemned the Nazi's thoughts on ethnic cleanliness but did not denounce the anti-Jewish verdicts applied.
Being inspired by the Hitler's approaches of racial resist and intention of the Jews to expand and survive at the expense of Germans, the governing party (Nazis) from 1933to 1938 staged book burning, initiated anti-Jewish boycotts and passed the anti-Jewish legislation. The Nuremberg rules in 1935 described Jews by race and declared full division of non-Aryans and Aryans. On 9th November 1938, the Nazis damaged synagogues and shop windows that were owned by Jews throughout Austria and Germany. However, the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 and start of the Second World War in 1939 marked the evolution period of destruction where genocide became the primary focus of the anti-Semitism program. To justify the killing of Jews both to the bystanders and perpetrators in Europe and Germany, the Nazis utilized racist arguments together with those obtained from old stereotypes such as Jews as war profiteers, hoarders, and communist subversives as well as a threat to the homeland safety due to their inherent opposition and disloyalty to Germany.
The discrimination of Jews and anti-Semitism were the chief tenets of the Nazi ideology. Based on their 25-point program of the party created in 1920, the supporters of Nazi party declared their intent to separate Jews from the Aryan community and revoked their official, civil and political rights. After the six years of Adolf dictatorship to the initiation of battle in 1939, all Jews felt the impact of above 400 decrees and laws that limited all features of their private and public lives. Several acts were countrywide regulations issued by the German government. Moreover, the municipal, regional and state official had their initiatives that promulgated the barrage of the exclusionary verdicts in their societies. Therefore, hundreds of persons in all levels of administration national wide took part in the persecution of Jews as they discussed, conceived, enforced, adopted, drafted and boosted the anti-Jewish legislation.
The initial rule to restrain the rights of Jewish residents in Germany was the restoration law of 1933 that excluded Jews from the civil services. The act was the first formulation utilized to eliminate Jewish individuals from professions, associations and other features of the public living. Moreover, the law formed the Nuremberg Race rules' foundation that defined Jew by ancestral lineage rather than religion hence formalizing their discrimination from the Aryan population. By April 1933, Jewish scholars were restricted from universities and German schools. Furthermore, legislation curtailed Jewish actions in the legal and medical profession. The subsequent orders prohibited the reimbursement of Jewish physicians from the state health insurance finance. Also, Berlin forbade notaries and lawyers belonging to the Jewish community from working on the legal issues as well as doctors from treating Aryan persons. At the state level, the Nazi administration revoked the license of all Jewish tax consultants, fired Jewish workers from the military and imposed 1.5% quota on the admission of all non-Aryans to the national universities and schools. Jewish actors were also banned from performing on the screen or stage. The local authorities issued rules that affected the sphere of Jewish such that there was no slaughtering of animals for purity rituals which prevented them from observing the Jewish dietary regulations.
Administration departments at all levels focused on eliminating Jews from the economic environment by averting them from having a daily earning. Jews were needed to register their foreign and domestic assets. Furthermore, the anti-Semitic movement intended to Aryanize businesses that were owned by Jews which was a process entailing the dismissal of Jewish managers and workers together with the transfer of the enterprises and companies to the Germans. The businesses were bought at through-away prices and by 1939; the efforts had succeeded leaving Jews with no enterprises or companies in Germany. Additionally, the Nuremberg Race regulation established the cornerstone of the Nazi discrimination strategy. The introduction of the rules in September 1935 stimulated a new signal of the anti-Semitic regulation that resulted in concrete and immediate isolation. The German court adjudicators did not cite lawful remarks or decision printed by Jewish writers while all Jews working in all public sectors were expelled. Between 1938 and 1937, German government stepped up legislative repression of the German Jews. The Nazi supporters were focused to impoverish Jews and eliminate them from the German economy by preventing them from all means of earning a living.
Hitler and NSDAP's Dominant Rise
By 1919, the National Socialist German Worker's Party (NSDAOP) also known as the Nazi-created the right-wing nationalism with socialist economic rhetoric. The major themes in the Nazi philosophy were anti-Semitic and racist German nationalism, rejection of democratic government structures, fierce opposition against communism and speech that resisted large enterprises and foreign financiers. In 1921, Adolf became the chairman of the party after which he started to develop his ideas. Between 1921 and 22, Nazis gained much support from the Germans because of the appeal to young and unemployed males who were suffering as a result of economic hardship under the Weimar Republic.
Motivated by the Fascist party of Italy, Hitler initiated the straight-armed salute in 1922 which became identified with the Nazi. With the leadership of Hitler, NSDAP conducted an unsuccessful coup against the administration which caused the incarceration of Adolf in 1923. However, Hitler was released in 1924 after which the party structure improved by establishing legal paths to power. Despite bad results in the election, Nazi support was developed especially among lower and middle-class Protestants who were dismayed by the weakness and hyperinflation of the German administration post-Versailles treaty. In 1929, the organization had about 130000 members but continued to gain boost during the economic depression.
In the early 1930s, the Germany mood was grim since the global economic crisis had hit the nation hard and several people were jobless. One thing that was fresh in the minds of Germans was the defeat of the First World War making them lack confidence in the weak administration. These situations offered an opportunity for the rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazi party. Hitler was a spellbinding, energetic speaker and attracted several Germans who were desperate for change. The leader promised the start of better living and glorious Germany which made the party rise to powers rapidly.
By 1932, Nazi was the biggest in the German Parliament after winning more than 37 percent of the votes. The stable administration became impossible with the communist and NSDAP contrasting the democratic constitution as well a supervising more than a half of the parliament. In 1933, President Paul Von Hindenburg appointed Adolf as the prime minister together with the cabinet containing the minority of Nazi delegates. While in power, Hitler secured unlimited power via terror and manipulation although he was respectful to the head of state. When fire damaged the parliament, Hitler claimed that the nation was facing communist plot and used the incident to justify the enabling act that offered his dictatorial authorities. In July 1933, NSDAP was declared as the single political party in Germany with Hitler as the leader.
Once in power, the Nazis established the legislation with the intention of denying Jews independent and limited their rights. In 1933, boycotts of Jewish shops, lawyers and doctors started while Jews were not permitted to join the army or civil service. Furthermore, Jews were prohibited from marrying non-Jews, and their nationalism was removed including the right to vote. On November 9th, 1938, the Nazis started pogroms which were planned persecutions against Jewish population living in Germany. During the night, massive violence and vandalism were witnessed, marking the start of the Holocaust. Besides, above 30000 Jews were arrested, 91 died while 191 synagogues were damaged.
Beliefs and Ideology
During the autocracy, Hitler oversaw the political system that was founded on the pure race ideologies. The political and power domination by Adolf influenced the Nazi philosophy since the economic nationalism, racial science and cult of Hitler's individuality supported the correct and pure ideology. The principles of NSDAP were created by the intense nationalists who had the interest of the Germany future and Aryan people only. However, the Nazi had no intention of developing the global movement, changing the oversee world or exporting their opinions to other nations. The two fundamental documents of the Nazi ideology were Hitler's autobiography of 1924 and NSDAP 25 points of 1920. Moreover, the ideas were discussed or outlined in several Hitler's speeches. Nevertheless, none of these sources were lawful nor did they provide much in a manner of specifics or details about how the options would be applied in real life. Hitler preferred the Nazi ideas to be broadly framed, simple and short such that he opposed the expansion or re-draft of the 25 points by declaring them inviolable. Since the principles were outlined vaguely, Hitler was free to re-invent or interpret the way he wanted.
Hitler believed that there was no pure race although the power of the Germanic race could be shaped by the mixture of other ethnics hence ascribing the individualistic party of the Germans. The Nazi opted for a powerful administration and broad state authority. They believed that regime would not work effectively if it lacked various means to impose itself on the community and enforce the policies. According to Hitler, decisions were supposed to be made by a leader with full power while all political sovereignty and authority rested with the header. Furthermore, the party thought that country power had few restrictions and could spread into all aspects of cultural, social and political life in Germany.
Additionally, Nazism was much concerned with Germany interests including attaining economic sufficiency, restoring the economy, providing for the residents and rebuilding the military. The political party had no intention of abiding or honoring existing foreign agreements or negotiating except where it would assist the achievement of their objectives. According to Hitler and his followers, Aryans were more intellectually advanced, physically stronger and culturally gifted than other Europeans races or the Jews. Together with other Nazi leader, Adolf viewed Jews as a poisonous race that lived of the other people and weakened them. When Hitler became the president, Nazi teachers started to apply the ideology of racial science. This included measuring the nose length and skull size as well as recording the color of student eyes and hair so that to determine if scholars belonged to the real Aryan race. As a result, Gypsy and Jewish pupils were humiliated and prohibited from public learning institutions.
Furthermore, Hitler believed that Jews were the cause of the Germany problems which included losing the First World War and economic depression. However, the only solution to the issues affecting Germany was to banish Jews from the community. Also, Nazis thought that persons would be segregated into distinct races and there was a competition between different races. The Aryans were the strongest and best people to live in Germany, but Jews were supposed to be killed since they were inferior. The beliefs towards Jews were spread via movies, radio, newspaper, and classrooms. The implementation of the Nazi ideology was supported by the German scientist who thought that human race would be enhanced by restricting the reproduction of inferior individuals. Starting in 1993, German doctors were permitted to conduct forced sterilizations and operations that would make the victims impossible to have kids. The major target of such programs included Jews, handicapped persons, African-German children, and Gypsies. Adolf saw the nation as poisoned from inside since he lived in Munich where the Jews played a role in the revolution against the government.
Joseph Goebbels Appointment
Background and Beliefs
Joseph was born into a Catholic and working-class family in Rhineland 1897. He was an educated person who graduated from Heidelberg University under the Jewish literary historian. Goebbel was rejected by the army during the First World War due to his crippled foot which was caused by contracting polio as a kid. His initial interest in Nazism and Adolf Hitler was in 1924. The major reason that drew Joseph to NSDAP was Hitler's commitment and charisma to his thoughts. He joined the party after the release of Adolf and became member number 8762. By late 1924, Goebbels was providing services to Karl Kaufmann who was Nazi district leader for the Rhine-Ruhr region. Karl put him in touch with the leading Nazi planner in the northern parts of Germany who hired him to function on their weekly newspapers as well as to do secretarial duties for the area party offices. Furthermore, Joseph was appointed as the party representative and speaker for Rhineland Westphalia. The members of NSDAP from the northern region had a more socialist appearance when compared to those from Munich.
Strasser was the Nazi leader in the northern part who was viewed as a threat to Hitler's authority. As a result, Adolf gathered party leaders and Gauleiters including Joseph to a unique conference in Bamberg where he offered a speech lasting for two hours repudiating Strasser's political strategy. According to Adolf, socialist leaning of the northern area would lead to political bolshevization. After going through Hitler's tome, Goebbels agreed with his assertion of the Jewish teachings of Marxism. In 1926, Joseph provided speech which declared that Marxism and communism could help German individuals but thought it would lead to the rise of the socialist nationalist state in Russia. Together with other opposition leaders, Goebbels met with Hitler in Munich where the offered speeches which made him give the party leader full loyalty. Hitler was amazed by Goebbels's capability to communicate his beliefs in writing amazed Adolf while Joseph was impressed by Hitler's ability for talking in front of huge crowds as well as employing gestures and words to illustrate the German nationalistic pride.
In 1926, Joseph was rewarded by Hitler due to his loyalty as the Berlin's Gauleiter. In Berlin, Goebbels established his propagandist skills and was able to develop the heretofore hidden taste for aggression. His determination as a Nazi was to challenge the controlling parties including the communists and social democrats. Together with SA storm trooper header, he intentionally provoked street brawls and beer-hall fights that involved firearms. Furthermore, he was the editor of Der Angriff newspaper and the author of Nazi handbills and posters. He discovered the oratory talent which made him the second public speaker from Hitler. Moreover, he was elected as a parliament member in 1928 which provided him enough salary and immunity from incarceration. In 1930, Gregor Strasser was sucked, and Goebbels replaced him as the manager of the party's countrywide newspaper and other Nazi papers in the state. Despite the revolutionary rhetoric, the most contribution to the Nazi between 1933 and 1930 was organizing successive election campaigns. His skills as a genius organizer were demonstrated during the Reichstag election of 1930, 33 and 32 as well as the presidential rallies of Hitler. To attract many voters, Nazi used massed choirs, brass bands and torchlight parades which led to the massive rise of Nazi votes.
Goebbels rapidly ascended the ranks of the NSDAP and was named as the propaganda director by Hitler in 1928. He started to formulate plans that fashioned the myth of Adolf as a decisive and brilliant leader. Moreover, he arranged enormous political meetings where Hitler was presented as the savior of German people. His hatred for Jews originated from the deep-rooted sense of internalization and inferiority of mob values. Joseph's disrespect for humanity, intoxication, hatred, lust for power, mastery of persuasion techniques and urge to sow confusion was involved in 1932 election crusades when he played an essential task of bringing Hitler at the middle of the political arena.
Role as a Minister
When Hitler was appointed as the chancellor in January 1933, Joseph was not given any office. The reason was that Adolf headed the coalition cabinet that had Nazis as a minority as negotiated with conservative parties and President Hindenburg. As the head of propaganda, he instructed the national radio to produce the live transmission of the torchlight parade that celebrated Hitler's victory. Later in March, Goebbels was appointed as the minister for the party line and popular enlightenment as a reward for bringing Nazis into power. The duty of the new ministry was to manage all features of German intellectual and cultural life especially the radio, press, visual and performing arts. By 1st May, he planned massive parades and demonstration to mark the country Labor Day that preceded Hitler's takeover and damage of the trade union movement. Later, he created the bureaucracies in the ministry that dealt with film, music, theatre, press, radio, publishing and literature. The ministry aimed at supervising the purge of Jews, liberals, and socialists together with artists of degenerate arts including atonal music and abstract.
Goebbel's ministry was responsible for controlling film, universities, propaganda, film, and schools. The major objective of Joseph was to make sure that Nazi messages were efficiently communicated via art, films, books, press, educational materials, and music. There were many audiences for the ruling party's propaganda. The misinformation reminded Germans to fight against Jewish subversion and foreign enemies. At the time, the propaganda that illustrated the dirty side of the Jews created the environment that was full of aggression against the Jewish community leading to the Nuremberg race laws and Kristallnacht. Moreover, propaganda encouraged acceptance and passivity of the impending actions against Jews which demonstrated the Nazi administration as restoring order. Since Nazis observed modern art as evil, Joseph ordered that such decadent art to be eliminated and substituted by works that were sentimental and representational in content.
In October 1933, the Reich Press Law was passed which required the removal non-Nazi and Jewish editors from the national magazines and newspapers. The film, press, theatre, and radio fell under Joseph's jurisdiction making him indispensable to the government and Hitler. Through the Reich press chamber, the propaganda ministry assumed full control of the German press. Under the 19933 editors' law, the Reich association kept workers of racially pure journalists and editors hence expelling Jews and those who wedded Jews from the industry. All writers and reporters were supposed to follow the instructions and mandates given by the ministry and were to be registered by the chamber before being permitted to function in the field.
Furthermore, Goebbels' department focused on managing the content of the editorial pages and news via directives spread in the day to day conferences in Berlin and distributed via the propaganda offices to local or regional papers. Editors or journalists who failed to obey the instructions were fired or put into the concentration camp. Within months, Joseph had destroyed the free press and shut down the opposition newspapers. All books that did not demonstrate the Nazis ideology were burnt in public. Goebbels controlled the film production by making sure that the movies that were produced contain particular issues which include the greatness of Adolf, world war two nearness, the Jews and how badly Germans who stayed in foreign lands were treated.
At the beginning of the second world battle, Joseph was entrusted with the duty of uplifting the motivation of German residents and employing the media particularly the film to convince citizens to support the fighting effort. The propaganda film known as the De ewige Jude was initiated by Goebbels which apparently charted the history of the Jewish community. Within the film, Jews were demonstrated as parasites that disrupted Aryans. In 1940, he produced the Jud Suss which illustrated Jewish greed and dirty life. Additionally, Joseph organized the Soviet Paradise in 1942 which was the biggest Nazi propaganda intended to reinforce the resolve of Germans by showing the chicanery of Jewish Bolsheviks although it was abolished by Herbert Baum. To make sure that every person heard Hitler, Goebbels planned the sale of less expensive radios that were regarded as people's receiver. Moreover, loudspeakers were implanted in all streets while cafes were ordered to play public speeches that were given by the president.
Germans Participation
The primary aim of Hitler together with other Nazis was to establish a country that was made by superior race only by eliminating the entire Jewish community. The Nazi regime convinced Germans about the dirty side of Jews through propaganda and blaming the Jews for the failure in the First World War and economic crisis. As a result, Germans participated in the Hitler plans by vandalizing, killing and putting the Jews in concentration camps. Based on the rules set by the government, Germans fired Jewish workers and professionals at all level as well as boycotting their services. Additionally, Jews in Germany were murdered while their homes and business were burned down by Aryans. Furthermore, the Germans did not condemn the brutal killing but assisted the government officials to capture and murder Jewish population. The arrested Jews in Germany were put into concentration camps where they starved to death, worked to death while German scientist did unruly and un-human assessments as a way of torture. The human experimentation was harsh and resulted in the execution of the Jews or permanent disability of disfigurement. For instance, Josef Mengele who was the doctor at the camp selected the prisoners to use for experiments. Without anesthesia, the
