Desalination by Reverse Osmosis:

Most seas include saline water, which when consumed by people presents various biological difficulties. The method of desalination has proved crucial in lowering the amount of salt in seawater. The purpose of the essay is to assess reverse osmosis as one method for lowering or getting rid of salt from saltwater.
Membranes that filter salt are used in reverse desalination. The technique has grown in favor over the years as a viable alternative to salt reduction. Specific membranes are used in the procedure to filter out salt from the water. The process is expensive in comparison to other desalination processes. Reverse osmosis consumes large volumes of energy that assists in generating high pressure to force water through the filters of the membrane. The membrane-fouling propensity used in the process is expensive and requires higher maintenance costs, therefore, making it expensive. Wicaksana et al. (20) states that, with the high water consumption per head, the level of energy utilized in desalinating water continues increasing especially when using the reverse osmosis process.

Fraction of the State Budget

It was reported that California had proposed overall state budget of about 179 Billion dollars as per the 2017-2018 year. A further breakdown of this budget revealed that water conservation alone was allocated an overall total of about 18.6 billion dollars, these include acts such as funding projects, water rights management and also funding the department of water resources (Merrifield, John, and Barry Poulson, 47). It is worthwhile to note that this department is responsible for treatment practices and it has been assigned an overall of 1 million dollars as per the state budget. If it were to revert exclusively to saline water treatment, this would mean that the overall process would consume an average of a million dollars annually, when presented as a fraction of the state budget it becomes U.S dollars. In conclusion, the switch would form an overall of 0.000053% of the annual state budget.









































Works Cited

Merrifield, John, and Barry W. Poulson. "State fiscal policies for budget stabilization and economic growth: a dynamic scoring analysis." Cato J. 34 (2014): 47.

Wicaksana, F., et al. "Reverse Osmosis Beneficiation." Efficient Desalination by Reverse Osmosis: A Guide to RO Practice (2016).