The Use of Sage Publications as a Source
The use of Sage publications by Martin as a source of the secondary source of data in the introduction part of the research is meaningful at all folds.
The Sage Publications source gives the audience an acute and a brief history about terrorism and the origin of the terror activities all the same.
The publication defines what terrorism is; does not end there but rather goes on to give us the origins of terrorism.
Sage publications also help us in distinguishing between new and old forms of terrorism, as existed before and currently.
The differences between old and new forms of terrorism may be articulated through the dissimilarities between modern, postmodern and classical terrorism.
Classical terrorism implies to the warfare of the group that is direct.
This type of warfare is directly aimed at a certain target and ends with rather fewer casualties due to its exactness.
When it comes to modern terrorism, there is a tendency to use an indirect approach this means that; the destructions are higher, and it affects hundreds of casualties.
There is also the use of conventional artillery in modern terrorism, and they are majorly used to cause excess damage.
The modern terrorism, therefore, is one dangerous type that affects multitudes, both targeted and untargeted indiscriminately.
In the case of postmodern terrorism, the main objective is to disrupt the reality of a conflict through the act of terrorism.
This kind of terrorism mostly involves the use of nuclear and radiological weapons.
Also, in postmodern terrorism, there is a sequence of attack which targets the symbols of the enemy and the complete destruction of their rivals.
The Four Waves of Terrorism
The Sage publications to the very least states and clearly discusses the four waves of terrorism.
The first wave was from the late 19th century to the early 20th century.
The second wave is also referred to as the colonial wave; which is more restricted to the national geographic boundaries.
The third wave may be referred to as the contemporary wave, and it is largely attributed to the bringing of international terrorism.
The fourth wave is signified by the justification of killings through religion, and the dependence on modern technologies.
Negotiations and Reconciliation during Terrorism
In negotiations and reconciliation during terrorism, the most preferred source of secondary data, in this case, shall come from the book “Ending terrorism in Italy, P. 208”.
According to this book, for a country to end terrorism, it must pursue conciliation and reconciliation process simultaneously.
These two steps provide the basis of negotiations, understanding and the eventual curbing of the terror activities in the country.
The conciliation approach consists of all the measures which are aimed at ending violence.
Vivid examples of conciliation steps include but are not limited to: the granting of political legislation and concession for a release of a terrorist prisoner.
Such political and legal goodwill may soften the stance of the terrorists to engage the government more comprehensively.
The second form of conciliation is through negotiations with terrorists.
Such negotiations are geared towards striking a common accord of agreement to create an understanding between the terrorists and the government in control.
The case of terrorism in Italy provides one with clear and precise steps of undertaking conciliation, through the provision of amnesty, and the early release from prison.
Similarly, reconciliation taking the form of social re-intergeneration previous terrorists characterized the termination of terrorism in Italy.
Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism
It is very important to consider, “Overview of state-sponsored terrorism” as the source of secondary data.
There are various states which act as sponsors of terrorism.
The most noted countries are Sudan and Libya which to very significant measures to cooperate in the worldwide war against terrorism.
Similarly, Iraq withdrew a regime which had for long been in support of terrorist groups.
Nonetheless, there are other state sponsors including North Korea, Syria, and Cuba.
These countries did not undertake all the required and necessary actions, which were to disassociate the countries from their relations with terrorism.
Some of these countries have shown improvements in withdrawing from the support of terror activities, while others who continue with the same actions are still considered as state sponsors of terrorism.
How Can World Leaders End Terrorism?
The final source of data is the article on “how can world leaders end terrorism.”
In March 2017, there were a series of terror attacks in Turkey, Pakistan, Belgium, and Iraq that caused the death of more than 100 people.
The frequency at which these attacks were occurring seemed very disturbing and horrifying.
Different counterterrorism policies have been put in place to try and deal with terrorism.
Some of these policies included the tight monitoring of social media platforms.
Terrorism is considered as an old occurrence, and there are only a few countries which have been able to deal with this situation.
For global leaders to deal with the issue of terrorism, genuine interest must be common amongst all the leaders.
Lack of a common and true interest means that all the policies and attempts to resolve the issue of terrorism would fail flat on the face of the peace ambassadors.
Works Cited
Bull, Anna Cento, and Philip Cooke. Ending terrorism in Italy. Vol. 18. Routledge, 2013.
Coombs, W. Timothy. Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Sage Publications, 2014.
Kruglanski, Arie W., et al. "How Can World Leaders End terrorism: Redirecting the significance quest can end violence." American Psychologist 68.7 (2013): 559.
Martin, Gus. Understanding terrorism: Challenges, perspectives, and issues. SAGE publications, 2017.
