Question Seven: Giving symbols, indicating differences and stating the common properties of words.
a. bath –bathe
The /θ/ in bath is voiceless, dental and fricative.
The /ð/ in bathe is voiced, dental and fricative
b. reduce- reduction
The /c/ in reduce is voiceless, post-alveolar and fricative.
The /c/ in reduction is mid-central and unrounded.
c. receive – sieve
The ei in receive is a high, central and unrounded.
The ie in sieve lax high, front and unrounded.
Both are high and unrounded vowels.
d. wife – wives
The /f/ in wife is a voiceless labiodental fricative.
The /v/ in wives is a voiced labiodental fricative.
Both are labiodentals fricative consonants.
e. cats
– dogs
The /s/ is cats is a voiceless alveolar fricative.
The /s/in dos is a voiced palate-alveolar fricative.
Both are alveolar fricatives.
f. impolite - indecent
The /m/ in impolite is voiced, bilabial and nasal.
The /n/ in indecent is a voiced, alveolar nasal consonant.
Both are voiced consonants.
Question Ten: Transcription of words
A B C
radish /ˈrædɪʃ/ cement /sɪˈment/ ablaze /əˈbleɪz/
carrot /ˈkærət/ resist /rɪˈzɪst/ approve /əˈpruːv/
famine /ˈfæmɪn/ prevent /prɪˈvent/ advise /ədˈvaɪz/
model /ˈmɒdl/ result /rɪˈzʌlt/ divine /dɪˈvaɪn/
elliptic /ɪˈlɪptɪkl/ adopt /əˈdɒpt/ achieve /əˈtʃiːv/
lattice /ˈlætɪs/ enlist /ɪnˈlɪst/ alone /əˈləʊn/
a. Considering the different phonemic structures in the stressed syllables in the verbs find the differences between the final syllables in column A and those in column B.
From analysis of the verbs in the table above, it is evident that the last stressed syllables of the verbs depended on the final consonants in these verbs, for example the consonant /t/ in the word carrot and the consonant /ʃ/ in the word radish in column A. column B on the other hand the consonant /t/ has been used to stress the last syllables in the verbs. From this a pattern can be established the first column utilizes fricative consonants to stress the last syllables in the verbs while the second column uses stop consonants. This is the basic pattern applied in the listing of the verbs.
b. Relationship with regards to the rule above.
The pattern established in column A and B however cannot be applied to the last column. But just like in column A and B the vowels used in the last syllables of the verbs are voiced end vowels. This relation and common feature of either columns is what validates the pattern as a predictive tool.
Question 17
a. The root morpheme of the following verbs
to be tall – the morpheme for tallness is chaaha
to be hungry- the morpheme for hunger is hopoba
b. What is the morpheme meaning:
past tense –the morpheme indicating past tense of a verb in Chickasaw is the prefix hoo.
I – the prefix sa is the morpheme indicating “I”
you- analyzing the verbs one discovers that chi is the morpheme for the word you.
he or she- from the list of verbs it is evident that there is no existing morpheme for he or she.
c. If the Chickasaw root for ‘to be old’ is sipokni, how would you say
you are old - chipokni
he was old - hopokni
they are old – hoohopokni
Question 19
From the data obtained in the table, one is able to figure out that:
a) The past tense suffix is in Zoque language is u.
b) The present tense suffix is pa.
c) The table below best explains the various verbs stems noticed in Zoque language and the various forms they take and finally their meanings with regards to tense.
English
Zoque
Verb stem forms
Meaning
cook –cooked
sospa – sohsu
sos – sohs
present tense – past tense
walks – walked
wihtu – witpa
wiht – wit
present tense – past tense
tears – tore
cicpa – cihcu
cic- cihc
present tense – past tense
laughs - laughed
sikpa –sihku
sik – sihk
present tense –past tense
d) The determinant morphological environment for these forms can be argued to solely lie in the pronunciation of the letter h by various subgroups speaking the language. Where h was a voiced consonant the appearance of an h was applied to the words too.
Question 11
Which sound pairs have the same manner of articulation
a) [s] [t] : this sound pair has different manners of articulation for each sound. [s] sound is a fricative consonant while the [t] is a stop consonant.
b) [ j ] [ l ]: This sound pair has different manners of articulation for each sound too.
c) [ n ] [ m ] this is a sound pair of nasal consonants with [n] being an alveolar consonant and [m] a bilabial consonant.
d) [ h ] [ v ] : This particular sound pair has different manners of articulations for either sounds. While [v] is a fricative consonant, [h] is not a real consonant sound.
e) [ d ][ ɹ] : This sound pair has two different manners of articulation.
f) [ s ] [ʃ ] : This is a sound pair of fricative consonants.
g) [ k ][θ] : This pair is also of similar manners of articulation, it is a pair of fricative consonants.
Question 11
Word
Possible
Not Possible
Reason
/bɹɪs/
X
/skɹæm/
X
/knɪə/
X
the consonant /k/ is a voiced velar stop
/æks/
X
/gnæʃ/
X
/jæk/
X
/dlɪ ʃəs/
X
No word starts with a stop constant.
/bleft/
X
/ŋo:/
no!
/æpəpleksl:/
X
