John J and Vincent N argued that city high population calls for a unique understanding so that it can be well known not only for the non-inhabitant but also other people who would like to tour the city (Macionis, and Parrillo P 89). This in-depth understanding gives them necessary information so that they can make crucial decisions regarding their visit. The two explained that the following disciplines would be needed for the understanding the city. Geography gives the city locations and its physiological aspects; religion defines the people culture and beliefs and law help in knowing the rule that governs the people and the leadership structure of the city.
Question Two
v Suburb
This is a residential area in many cities in America which exist as part of the city or as a separate residential community away from the city. It has the following features;
ü Reduced densities than the central cities
ü There exist zoning patterns which separate the residential and commercial development
ü Greater populations are Whites low percentage of other ethnic groups
v Gridiron plan
This city pattern is whereby streets run at right angles to one another to form a grid-like pattern. It has the following features;
ü The infrastructural development is costly to establish
ü Enhances pedestrian movement
ü Its quality depends on the width, length, and pavements of the street
v Suburbanization
ü This consists of a swing from the central areas in the urban area to suburbs forming a sprawl in the semi-urban areas. It has the following features;
ü The population is mainly composed of elderly couples
ü It enhances urbanization
ü There is distinctiveness between the residential areas and the industrial areas
Question Three
In 1950 there was a revolution in major American cities which resulted in the reduced control of the economic, social-cultural and political sectors. This was majorly due to newly imposed policies which enabled devolution to take its course.
Question Four
v 1st Wave
This happened between 1607-1830 in Jamestown and Plymouth towns which were colonial settlements resulting in a total of over 1.1 million
v 2nd Wave
This happened in 1830-1880s the population of the USA exploded from approximately 13illion to around 62 million majorities of the people entered the New York City.
v 3rd Wave
The third wave happened in 1890-1920s, more than 75% of the new immigrants entered America through the New York Port. The three waves were distinct to each other as they happened in different periods and the population movement was different.
Question Five
This included push and pull factors which were;
ü High population growth in South and Eastern Europe
ü Lack of jobs and food
ü Availability of land
ü Freedom of religion and
ü Democracy
Question Six
In 1950s-1970s the two leading national urban policies were the social policies which aimed at improving the social status of people in the cities. It was meant to enhance the welfare of the people. The demographic policy which divides the south and the north regarding wealth status. These policies are contradicting since they one tries to improve the social welfare of the people while the other tries to destroy it.
Question Seven
After the World, War II the federal policies were revised to accommodate the latest developments in the country. The policies changed to accommodate the rising resistance of the African American and the immigrants from Mexico and Puerto Rican. Also women demanded their various rights thus initiating policy changes.
Question Eight
These include; Suburb, Suburban and Suburbia. A suburb can be described as a residential or mixed use district to a city or an urban center that has a commuting distance for a city. It can be observed that the suburbs are numerously growing on the adjacent flat land since it gives room for easier planning. Suburban on the other hand are residential cities located in the outskirts of various cities (Macionis, John $ Vincent, 175). These areas are characterized with low population as compared to the suburbs as the areas are basically dense or in other cases semi dense population areas. Finally, the suburbia is said to be the suburbs of modern cities.
Question Nine
In 1930 the city issue became a metropolitan issue, this transformation was caused by the increasing population in major cities as immigrants from various origins thronged the cities. Another factor that brought about the transformation was technological advancement which brought about social and environmental hazards. As a result, problem solving became difficult to solve since it was hard to identify where a certain region had reached.
Question Ten
Metropolitans emerged from cities and their population increased significantly in the 60s and 70s. The central cities were declining while the suburbs continued to grow leading to the rise of metropolitans. Continued metropolitanization led to an increase in the share of national population that went into metropolitans with growth between 1960 and 1970 been at approximately 26.6% in rate. Cities would be turned into working spaces and metropolitans would prove to be more beneficial to the economy.
Question Eleven
Elite Neighborhoods (Upper class): These neighborhoods house the wealthy and affluent individuals in the society. According to Kleniewski and Thomas this are cohesive primary groups that are formed out of political clout, prestige and wealth as the affluent individuals try to maintaining their spot in the society (Judd & Swanstrom, 218).
Middle Class Neighborhoods: these regions house individuals from middle class backgrounds. They are quite involved in neighborhood organization and forming close ties with those around them but work and family consume most of their time (Judd & Swanstrom, 219).
Working Class neighborhood: This regions house the working class people who are mainly focused on family and leisure considering work as just a necessity for income to support their needs (Judd & Swanstrom, 221).
Low-income neighborhoods: This house the poor members of the society. Unemployment in these areas is a norm, most people live from hand to mouth and even goods are more costly in comparison to other neighborhoods (Judd & Swanstrom, 222).
Question Twelve
According to Dubois, the urban pattern consisted of urban regions with people from all classes (Judd & Swanstrom, 58). Most of the cities were industrial and were mostly filled by African Americans. Dubois illustrated that urban cities would provide everything for anyone in accordance to his or her class (Judd & Swanstrom, 56). Race played a huge role in that the whites viewed all African American as the same and classified them as inferiors. Discrimination was still adamant but there were no crimes as jobs were readily available.
Question Thirteen
According to Wirth, Urbanism is a way of life (Judd & Swanstrom, 99). The city is defined in accordance to three main factors that include population size, social heterogeneity and density. In the 1930s, it was all about people at their prime of life leaving rural areas and forming small centers with some organizational structures of livelihood.
Question Fourteen
Mumford illustrates that urban patterns included highway less towns (Judd & Swanstrom, 93). He argues that the transformation of urban patterns only served to increase the drama in people’s lives as he described cities as theaters of social action. He is confident that the 1930s transformation would enhance cities making them more organized and vibrant.
Question Fifteen
Jacobs describes cities as being made of sidewalks (Judd & Swanstrom, 106). She identifies that the city should not be a place where young educated people go to live, raise families and struggle. However, she states that it demotes inner cities living them to decay in poverty and neglect. She states that the most important aspect that makes a city habitable is safety. Therefore, for people to have a sense of personal belonging and cohesiveness there need to be well-defined neighborhoods and multi-use streets.
Question Sixteen
The major conflicts in Levittown include class conflict that was between upper middle class and the smaller working groups and the lower middle class group in addition to generational conflict between children, adolescents, adults and the elderly (Judd & Swanstrom, 64). Conflict never stopped since even though all groups believed that there would be a consensus, every group demanded that the others conform to their values.
Question Seventeen
Urban patterns had changed a lot in the 70s and 80s compared to the 1930s. However, the whites still dominated the affluent spaces with non-whites majority still living in low income or poverty neighborhoods (Judd & Swanstrom). The government continued to cut down on social safety nets such as housing subsidies, revenue sharing and other benefits meaning there was the formation of urban ghettos, there were no readily available jobs, no role models and there was increased social homogeneity.
Question Eighteen
There were some changes in urban patterns during the 90s. People from different classes began getting opportunities to better their lives where a child born into low-income neighborhoods would get a chance to move up into the middle or elite neighborhoods. There were more available service jobs and increased growth in entertainment with a focus on more urban elite.
Work Cited
Macionis, John J., and Vincent N. Parrillo. Cities and urban life. Prentice Hall, 2004.
Judd, D. and Swanstrom, Todd. City Politics. Aberdeen, Netherlands: Routledge. 2015 Print.
