Racialization and Policing

The American approach to drug control is often influenced by national traits, particularly the legal system. The number of drug cases in the United States (U.S.) is higher than in any other nation. To lower the level of drug usage, different laws are implemented; these include street arrests, interdictions, and smuggling, among others. However, there is little proof that these measures have reduced drug abuse and supply. Additionally, there is racialization, particularly in relation to some religions, primarily Islam. In particular, datasets grounded in American public perceptions of American Muslims specifically and those of non-Muslims link racialization to Islamophobia in America. The American race is endemic towards Islamophobic, thus appeal to the U.S public as members of the religious and political to be alert in ensuring they fight against this practice. In case the State adopts the mechanism that aims at uniting the two groups, the reported cases of differences are minimized.

Keyword: racialization, mass media campaign, Islamophobia, labor racialization, integrationist model, Critical model, symbolic interactionism, religious racialization, policing, Muslims, non-Muslims.

















Policing and Racialization

Policing and racialization are among the typical cases in the America. The primary concern of policing in the State is as a result of fighting against the drug abuse among the Americans. There are racialization cases reported, but much emphasis is on the religious racialization where there are some variations expressed among different religions. Policing and racialization, unfortunately, go together nowadays. However, it’s believed that there are two sides to blame for the events taking place. The police side usually uses unnecessary force in the circumstances not needed. Similarly, an offender maybe caught doing something wrong and does not follow the police orders. As time goes on, both police and possible offenders should learn not to jump to conclusions but to be careful when dealing with law enforcement.

The most common crimes that people in America are engaged in are the use of illegalized drugs (Phillips, 2013). The criminal case although seem unfavorable for the black Americans. There is disproportionality in arresting and incarceration cases majorly among the blacks; this is because of their general population in the state. More likely, it is not that the white Americans receive favor, but their high number may lead to misinterpretation of crime occurrence. Similarly, blacks can record top cases not because they commit crimes continuously, but because they are few, hence giving a high statistical figure of offenses.

There are some laws enforced in the U.S to curtail both use and the distribution of the illegal drugs among the Americans (Phillips, 2013). In the mid-1980s it was made more efficient to fight against these multi-practices. In these particular measures, studies show that the most affected are still the black-Americans. An example is in Seattle, majority dealing with drug transfer are the whites, but the blacks are highly arrested, representing 64.2 percent. It shows that there is a racial bias among the police Departments of Seattle. It is believed to have a historical influence on the side of the black-Americans for the collective nature of committing offenses.

The mass media campaign is one of the best methods to use as a preventive strategy in drug abuse in the State. The effort mostly aims at changing the norms regarding the use of drugs by demonstrating any adverse outcomes of its use, and further the positive effects to non-users (Fellner, 2009). As a result, several of the people who use these drugs are discouraged hence quit from the abuse. The method may involve the use of billboards, radio, and newspaper among other. The purpose of this technique has some advantages like, through the television, even children can easily understand, hence grow up knowing the dangers of these drugs.

The other method can be through community organizations; this can be through collaboration among some communities. The technique develops some community-wide strategies that enable reduce drug use. They involve different representatives from different communities that work together to achieve a specific goal (Fellner, 2009). The most advantage of the method is that these particular representatives are on the grass-roots. Thus they have more information on what happens in the community.

Training and counseling among people as a method can reduce drug addictions in the U.S. The technique may involve developing parenting skills through practices. It includes skills on how to monitor and supervise their children, and establish the mechanisms that enable children to develop competence; this can allow them easily avoid drug use among the youngsters (Fellner, 2009). The family case management involves intervention methods and activities that monitor the families in need of these services.

The instructions given in class at school are the best strategy in fighting drug abuse, especially among the students. The content of this particular intervention varies, majorly categorized into groups. There are those that give factual information to the students about the use of drugs and the consequences of their use (Fellner, 2009). The other is skill- building; it aims at increasing the awareness of students on social influence.

Racialization is a process that deals with ascribing ethnic and racial identities about social practices to a given group of a community. Both ethnicization and racialization are a product of interaction among different groups. Thus, in case one team is dominating the other, it benefits from dominance by influencing the less dominant ones (Fellner, 2009). The ethnicized unit in most cases gradually identifies and embraces ascribed ones, hence becomes a self-ascribed ethnic group. Most of the instances have happened across the history of imperialism, some nationalism, and racial hierarchies.

There are several forms in which racialization exists. There is racialization of religions where different religions are not treated equally basing on their composition. Example, in U.S, there is Judaism and Islamic, racialized for possessing specific differential characteristics from other faiths (Zaal, 2012). This particular categorization further extends to the descendants even though they convert their way from the active observance of those religions. The immediate effect of this type of racialization is the internalization, where the descendants of the adherents usually accept and internalize their own religiously-influenced culture.

As a result, there are several effects of this particular racialization. In some instances, racism and discrimination are prevalent; the racialized are in some situations barred from public and private participation in some critical functions; this is due to the negative attributes the other groups have towards them. As a result, this can lead to more separation among the people especially living within a given geographical area (Zaal, 2012).

There is also labor racialization; involving segregation and other appointments of workers basing on ethnic variations. As a result, it produces hierarchical arrangements within organizations, thus limiting employee agency and their mobility basing on their races (Zaal, 2012). The normalization comes in when there is the adoption of the soft language. It helps to avoid highlighting any ethnic differences that can exist within the organization.

The most common religious racialization in America is that against the Islam, believed to be a historical discriminatory against the American Muslims. It has generated the local experience of exclusion not only on the American Muslims but also to the non-Muslims. As a result of such, it has created a unique form of discrimination (Islamophobia) taken to be politically motivated (Zaal, 2012). The Islamophobia has become very dangerous to democratic foundations of the European Unions; it has spread to areas such as education, politics and even internet. On the other hand, Islamophobia has become an acceptable race; has become a beneficial tool in some parties that mobilized elections in such areas.

There are many cases of fear among the Americans against the Muslims. The responses among people over the doubt for the Muslims have doubled within two years; where Islamic religion is considered to be violent (Zaal, 2012). The group is avoided for fear of violence, but also it is profoundly distrusted in America. However, according to Gordon Allport, there is a reduced bias among people towards the Muslims. Therefore, there is likely to mitigate hatred among different religions in the America shortly.

The increased hatred was as a result of an attack experienced in September 2001. The terrorist attack fueled the differences between the American-Muslims and non-Muslim. The research from California State University shows that hate crimes against American Muslims had gone up to almost 79per cent by the end of 2015. Similarly, there are continuous attacks against victims in traditional attires (Bukay, 2013). These particular differences and violence have also been contributed much by the political stands among the candidates.

An interpersonal view among the Americans is part of the factors that have contributed to more of non-Muslim and Muslim differences. The statement made by Ted Jr. on the Facebook page that “I hate Islam!” escalated the already existed variations between the two parties.

Various ways can be used to fight Islamophobia in the U.S. There is need to employ some holistic approaches having the roots of these variations. Therefore, it is very imperative to adopt some new Islamic teachings that fight against the killing of the apostates (HAMID, 2007). This particular execution is what makes the present differences against the non-Muslims to widen. Thus it will reduce much on the Islamophobia if right actions are taken against those involved in the killings.

The Muslims should also cease the use of Islamophobia charges as a tool against those no in line with their will. The Muslims need to engage themselves in the honest introspections (Chang, 2016). The Muslims also need to develop some strategies that will rescue the religion by combating the tyranny of the Islam. Hence, this will enable to fight the instances of Islamophobia in the entire U.S. The adverse effect of this culture among the Americans has resulted in the undermining of the Constitution (Chang, 2016).

There are few of the models used to explain the facts about Islamophobia in the U.S. There is the Critical model or the critical approach. In the model, the culture in the U.S is seen to be politically motivated, where it is related to American’s power and aim to move the Muslims away from enjoying the powers of the state and any other benefits (Tutt, 2013). Therefore, it is taken to be the symptom of all the American force and other imperial interests. Thus, it is upon the U.S government to identify the right category of the Muslims to always partner with, aiming to achieve their goals; this will result in the new form of Islam.

The other model is the integrationist model; where the primary cause of Islamophobia is lack of interpersonal relations in society between the Muslims and the non-Muslims (Tutt, 2013). The primary strategy in fighting the culture among the people is through educating people about the benefits of interaction with other religions. Lack of this cooperation among the American religion has contributed profoundly to the existing misunderstandings among many groups in the society. Similarly, according to the theory of symbolic interactionism, the community must interrelate well with people living in it for a better stay and life enjoyment. However, the integrationist model has some dangers accompanied to it; it settles on the point that one must enter into a neutral sphere that does not further celebrate the religious identity of any other (Tutt, 2013).

Conclusion

Most of the cases reported in the U.S over the past are those related to the drug abuse. U.S is the leading State in this instances when compared to other countries. Drug trafficking occurs in most circumstances mainly by the white. Despite many cases of the whites involved in drug abuse, they are usually favored by their high number, making the blacks to be dominant in the claims. However, it is not only drug abuse that has increased crimes, but also there is racialization, especially that of religion. There are actual differences between the non-Muslims and the Muslims, with many of the Christians fearing the Islamics. This particular variation has made scholars look for other means that can reduce the cases of Islamophobia.





References

Bukay, D. (2013). Islam’s Hatred of the Non-Muslim. Muslim and Nonbelivers. Retrieved from http://www.meforum.org/3545/islam-hatred-non-muslim

Chang, S. (2016). Study released suggests solution to Islamophobia _ The Daily Californian. Retrieved from http://www.dailycal.org/2016/06/21/study-released-suggests-solution-islamophobia/

Fellner, J. (2009). Race, Drugs, and Law Enforcement in the United States. Stanford Law & Policy Review. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.6.121901.085546

HAMID, T. (2007). How to end name-calling -- 1053.pdf. Retrieved from http://www.standwithus.com/news/article.asp?id=101

Phillips, J. (2013). Prescription drug abuse: Problem, policies, and implications. Nursing Outlook, 61(2), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2012.06.009

Tutt, D. (2013). How Should We Combat Islamophobia _ HuffPost. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-tutt/how-should-we-combat-islamophobia_b_3149768.html

Zaal, M. (2012). Islamophobia in classrooms, media, and politics. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 55(6), 555–558. https://doi.org/10.1002/JAAL.00066