On memory and Reminiscence

The cognitive model focuses primarily on personal thinking as the determinant of emotions and behaviors, and thus personality. Kreitler as well as Kreitler (2000). Many thinkers and theories, like Aristotle, G. B Watson Heider, Prof. Spearman, and Symonds, P.M, contended that there are no emotions or actions without mental processes, as seen in the table below:
People who have a retentive memory are not the same as those who excel at remembrance (Sweller, John, et al 2011).  The theory was translated by J.I. Beare in Ross, W.D. (Ed.) It was devised to distinguish between memory and remembering as well as recollection (Suarez,2006)
 This philosophy falls under the school of cognition. Slow people have good memory whereas those who are quick-witted and clever are better at recollecting.

G. B Watson

The Present status of Character Measurement

It is almost impossible to find a trait for which an adjective exists which has not been approached with some degree of suggestive investigation

There was confusion from the fact that the investigations, with their ambition to determine magnitudes, only gave an occasional glance at problems of terminology and theory.

It is possible to advocate measurement to the temporary neglect of theory.

Bruner, J.S

Perceptual theory and the Rorschach test

Directive processes in the organism operate to organize the perceptual field in such a way as to maximize percepts inimical to current needs and expectations.

This was written in 1948, 17, 157-168. This is part of the basic axiom which states that perceiving is a process resulting from the stimulation of a prepared or eingestellt organism.

‘Wishfullness’ has to do with the nature of the expectations which are at work and is not a term relevant to the perceiving process.

Janis and King (1954; 1956)

Cognitive consequences of forced compliance

In some circumstances, the personal opinion changes; this brings it into closer correspondence with the overt action one is expected to perform.

The aim of this theory was to determine how one’s personal opinion is affected if the person is coerced to act or speak contrary to their own opinion.



In the event that an opinion is imposed on a person; and one is required to deliver a speech which brings out an opinion that strongly opposes their own, his reserved opinion moves towards the stand and is highlighted in the speech.

Heider, F.

People’s attitude and their cognitive organization.

A balanced structure exists if the approaches towards the fragments of a casual unit are comparable.

This tempts to analyze whether units in general relate with attitudes in any kind.

An attitude to an event can change the attitude towards an individual who initiated the event.

Prof. Spearman

Intelligence as a central and general factor among mental abilities

Intelligence can be thought of as an aspect that implies to all activities that are usually referred to as intelligent.

How intelligence correlate with our mental abilities.

Isolation of mental abilities will turn out to be a problem in genetics.

John B. Watson (2000)













Thinking and language mechanism

Thinking is a largely oral process with communicative movements through gestures, attitudes etc.

The idea sought to find out whether thinking is simply the act of our philological mechanism.

The end response, verbal or others, alters the state of the organism as the entire original stimulating factor loose the impact of the subject.

Symonds, P.M

Present Status of Character Measurement

People should center attention upon reliabilities and let even validities await their turn.

The philosophy sought to address the possibility of finding a trait for which an adjective exists which has not been approached with some degree of suggestive investigation.

Inventions of attitudes and the like can be intelligent until substantives themselves are clearly understood.

Edward G. Boring

The woman problem

In comparison to men, women are not accorded the same level of recognition and acceptance in their professional and social lives.

This theory sought to prove that women are rarely the occupants of honorific positions as men tend to get more opportunities regardless of their qualifications.

The only thing standing in the way of an ambitious woman’s career is the philosophy of life that views motherhood as a hindrance to success; a woman cannot be a good mother and a career woman at the same time.

Edwin G. Boring

The Psychology of Controversy

Truths of different kinds; scientific or even Juristic comes about eventually in a controversial manner thanks to the limitations of human nature.

This theory sought to show how the human nature paradoxically causes one who fights for the truth to not see it at all.

This theory’s perspective is quite distasteful; failure to fight for the truth leads to science not being found. This should not necessarily mean that one is a cautious critic who cannot venture into meaningful research.

Professor Titchener

View of Self

A part of Self has bodily tendencies that control the conscious processes of self. Another part of self totally denies the presence of a brain responsible for mental processes.

This theory sought to show the variances between an action inference and a movement experience.

Voluntary actions by a person do not require them to have any experience of it. Immediate experience on the other hand are somehow responsible for one’s attention.



Prof. Jastrow

Community of ideas of men and women

Women have varying preferences to men. In reference to thoughts and ideas, men mark a preference for animal names, professions etc. while women mark a reference for household items, ornaments etc.

This theory sought to explain how women and men have different thoughts and ideas; the way and needs of communication between the two genders vary significantly.

It is very clear that when communicating, women repeat each other’s words more than men do



Conclusion

From the personality concepts discussed, the following are the most relevant in the society today.

From this concept of view, there are cognitive consequences of forced compliance. It is clear that under some conditions, opinion from individual’s changes to closely correspond with the explicit actions one is commanded to perform (Carlson 2010). This normally happens in politics especially when one changes opinion to join a different political divide simply because he was working with the rival party.

Aristotle’s concept on memory and Reminiscence can also apply in the modern era. Generally, people who are slow have good memory. They tend to keep the information for too long. However, those who are quick learners cannot hold the information for quite a longer time. Thus are better at recollecting.

Bruner (2008) talks about perceiving as a process resulting from the stimulation of a prepared or eingestellt organism. According to his statement, people’s ‘wishfullness’ has to do with the nature of their expectations. We accept certain ideas or ways depending on what we expect from the decisions we make. This is also common in politics when politicians make decision on which parties to join.



















Works Cited

Bruner, J.S Cognition in Human Motivation and Learning. Leuven UP, 2008.

Carlson, Licia. "Philosophers of Intellectual Disability: A Taxonomy." Cognitive Disability and Its Challenge to Moral Philosophy, 2010, pp. 315-329.

"Cognitive Load Theory in Perspective." Cognitive Load Theory, 2011, pp. 237-242.

Kreitler, Shulamith, and Hans Kreitler. "Traits and Human Behavior." The Cognitive Foundations of Personality Traits, 2000, pp. 111-124.

Suarez, Alfonso G. "Reference Without Sense: An Examination of Putnam’s Semantic Theory." Philosophy and Cognitive Science: Categories, Consciousness, and Reasoning, 2006, pp. 115-132.

Sweller, John, et al. "Cognitive Load Theory in Perspective." Cognitive Load Theory, 2011, pp. 237-242.