Explain the various forms of tests available for screening for HIV infection and assessing the status of the disease in HIV-positive individuals. Who should have their HIV status checked?
Antibody tests divided into Rapid HIV tests and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) tests are two of the most common screenings. Body fluids such as oral fluids, blood, and urine are drawn and screened for the presence of HIV antibodies in ELISA testing. The Rapid Examination includes measuring a few drops of the patient's oral fluids or blood. Importantly, all, including young children and adults, must be screened for potential infection.
There are three phases of a normal pregnancy. Identify each stage and give 2 changes that occur in the fetus each stage.
First trimester (week 1-13)
The embryo develops into a fetus with significant organs like the heart, lungs and the brain. Though the fetus may only be about four inches long, toes and fingers develop at this stage.
Second trimester (week 14-27)
The senses of the fetus are developed at this stage. The fetus becomes more active and starts kicking.
Third trimester (week 28-40)
The fetus has most of the organs developed besides the developed nervous system and the brain. Fetus length will be increased by about six inches.
Identify and describe the stages of labor, including key events that occur in each stage.
First stage
Takes about twenty hours and it is at this stage that the cervix dilates fully to about 10 centimeters. The amniotic membrane raptures to allow more intense contractions.
Second stage (delivery)
The stage lasts for 2 hours within which the baby’s head descents and later born.
Third stage
The stage begins after the baby has been born and ends after the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall.
Identify the 4 major components of the male and female reproductive system.
Male reproductive system
- Testicles
- Penis
- Scrotum
- Prostate gland
Female reproductive system
- Uterus
- Womb
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tube
