History of the Artificial Neural Network

Introduction


Dr. Robert Hecht-Nielsen points out that Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are computing systems made up of straightforward but intricately intertwined processing components (Girado, Peterka, Kooima, Ge, Sandin, Johnson, & DeFanti, 2007). By responding to inputs from the outside environment, these components dynamically process information. According to Girado et al., ANNs mimic a mammal's neural structure with relation to the cerebral cortex, but they do so on a lesser scale (the real brain has billions of neuron-based structures, whereas ANNs have only millions of such emulations) (2007).

Personality ANNs


Personality ANNs, in accordance with Yegnanarayana, acquire knowledge gradually (2009). An image might be labeled "chair" whereas another might say "no chair," for example. would then be revealed to the ANNS, and as a result what a chair looks like and consequently identify it in preceding instances. To determine the probability of a child's future criminal behavior, several characteristics can be examined using ANNs, for example the ANN software called 'JustNN' (Yegnanarayana, 2009). Because the software, 'JustNN' for example, have detected potential future criminal tendencies in toddlers before, the traits to examine these factors are well outlined (Malkawi & Murad, 2013).

Personal Characteristics


The personal characteristics which are useful here are a child's features like the brain structure, mouth, how they respond to fear, sense of their self-worth, manipulative or cunning, pathological lying, boredom tendencies, behavioral abnormalities, glibness, eyes structure and shallowness in emotion amongst other characteristics (Malkawi & Murad, 2013). The test is called Hare's test and gives a zero score when the trait is insignificant, 1 if partial and 2 if the criminal trait fully applies (Malkawi & Murad, 2013). As such, for children with smaller mouths and upper lips that curve for example, when such characters are fed into the system, the results are inclined more towards a figure of 2. These results are backed up by evidence that state criminals have curvature in their upper lips and smaller mouths as well as closer-set eyes as Clinard, Quinney & Wildeman (2014) point out. Lack of fear can be examined by introducing a toddler to a tone associated with shock (Malkawi & Murad, 2013). If they respond fearfully, they score away from 2 and are less likely to be criminals. Research backs up this test since most criminals display non-response to fear as pointed out by Clinard, Quinney & Wildeman (2014).

Demographic Factors


Demographic factors that are likely to influence one's behavior in later adulthood are race, social class, gender, and age (Malkawi & Murad, 2013). First, Hare's test gives a score of 2 when a child is being raised in a low-class society. Statistics have it that crime rates are higher in poor societies than in rich neighborhoods. 'War against drugs' campaign has normally targeted poor communities as compared to the high-class end. Malkawi & Murad (2013) assert that when people do not have sufficient resources, for home investments, it is likely to spot vacant houses amongst them, vandalism as well as burned-out buildings. All these conditions lead to crime as observed by Malkawi & Murad (2013). Secondly, a male child scores more than a female one on Hare's board, showing that males exhibit more criminal tendencies as compared to their female counterparts. According to Malkawi & Murad (2013), men are four times more likely to be arrested in comparison to women. When a child scores a 2 in all the above traits, their probability of becoming a criminal in the future is high.

Inherited Characteristics


In addition to character and demographics, inherited characteristics can also determine how a child's behavior will be shaped in the future (Malkawi & Murad, 2013). The Monoamine Oxidase enzyme is one which can be inherited. Yegnanarayana (2009) points out that if a child strongly exhibits this enzyme and the information is relayed in the 'JustANN' neurology software, the result is a strong 2. This signifies a potential future criminal. The enzyme is associated with neuroticism in the form of moodiness, irrationality, anti-social tendencies, anxiousness, and low self-esteem, all potential traits in criminals (Yegnanarayana, 2009). People are likely to get surprised at the mention of the possibility of inheriting crime (Malkawi & Murad, 2013). Genes determine how children are brought up by their parents. In a similar manner that some other physical traits can be passed on, so is crime inheritable.

Conclusion


The factors discussed are useful in determining a child's future character using neural networks. These aspects are measured and divided to find an average scale. The more this average tends towards 2, the more a child is likely to become a criminal.

References

Clinard, M. R., Quinney, R., & Wildeman, J. (2014). Criminal behavior systems: A typology. Routledge.

Girado, J. I., Peterka, T., Kooima, R. L., Ge, J., Sandin, D. J., Johnson, A., … & DeFanti, T. A. (2007). Real time neural network-based face tracker for vr displays. Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality 2007.

Malkawi, M., & Murad, O. (2013). Artificial neuro fuzzy logic system for detecting human emotions. Human-Centric Computing and Information Sciences, 3(1).

Yegnanarayana, B. (2009). Artificial neural networks. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

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