The Study on Cigarette Smoking and Health Complications
The purpose of the study was to investigate the notion that cigarette smoking causes various cancers, increases general mortality, and causes recurrence of biochemical diseases (BCR).
Association between Smoking and Cancer Forms
Metastasis and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are cancer forms that have been associated with smoking cigarettes. The researchers used 1450 smokers as participants in their investigation (Moriera et al. 197).
Baseline Attributes and Smoking
With smoking status as a variable, the baseline attributes were chosen using the rank sum test and chi-square hypothesis test. The association between smoking status and time was established using Kaplan-Meier plots and the log-rank test.
Smoking Status among Male Participants
It was observed that 33 percent of the 549 male participants were active smokers when they underwent surgery. Also, 67 percent of the participants were nonsmokers at the time they underwent a surgical operation.
Health Complications among Participants
Out of the total 509 participants, 26 of them experienced Biochemical Disease Recurrence (BCR), 30 had metastasis, 18 had Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, and 217 had prostate cancer-related health complications (Moriera et al. 199).
Conclusions of the Study
The study concluded that cigarette smoking is linked to increased cases of metastasis. Cigarette smoking increases the mortality rate and elevates the risk of developing both CRPC and BCR (Moriera et al. 202).
Significance of the Findings
The significance of the findings is to show that cigarette smoking has the potential to cause various health complications, such as metastasis, prostate-related health disorders, and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC). Additionally, the findings from the study assist doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals in administering treatment to patients who are smokers (Moriera et al. 203).
Importance of Patient History and Smoking
Therefore, a doctor should review the history of a patient during diagnosis, therapy, and treatment, especially if he/she was or is a smoker. The review would assist the doctor in the proper diagnosis of the patient's disease and quickly identify any associated health complications.
Work Cited
Moreira, D. M., Aronson, W. J., Terris, M. K., Kane, C. J., Amling, C. L., Cooperberg, M. R., … & Freedland, S. J. (2014). Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of biochemical disease recurrence, metastasis, castration‐resistant prostate cancer, and mortality after radical prostatectomy. Cancer, 120(2), 197-204.
